Editing Cleveland Bay (section)

==History==

Developed in the [[Cleveland, Yorkshire|Cleveland]] area of [[Yorkshire]], England,{{Sfn|Bongianni|1988|p=Entry 13}} the Cleveland Bay is said to be the oldest of the established English horse breeds, and the only horse native to Britain that does not belong to the heavy horse group.{{Sfn|Hendricks|1995|pp=131–132}}<ref name=IMH>{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.org/breeds.php?pageid=8&breed=24&alpha=One|title=Cleveland Bay Horse|publisher=International Museum of the Horse|access-date=2009-03-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619222830/http://imh.org/breeds.php?pageid=8&breed=24&alpha=One|archive-date=2010-06-19}}</ref>{{Sfn|Edwards|1994|pp=304–305}}{{Sfn|Edwards|Geddes|1987|pp=78–79}} The closest breed in type is the [[Irish Draught]],{{Sfn|Dent|1978|p=16}} which shares common ancestors with the Cleveland Bay.<ref name="Khanshour">{{cite journal |last1=Khanshour |first1=Anas M. |last2=Hempsey |first2=Eleanore K. |last3=Juras |first3=Rytis |last4=Cothran |first4=E. Gus |title=Genetic Characterization of Cleveland Bay Horse Breed |journal=Diversity |date=20 September 2019 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=174 |doi=10.3390/d11100174 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019Diver..11..174K }}</ref>

===Development===

The earliest breeding of the ancestors of the Cleveland Bay was done in large part by English churches and monasteries, to meet a need for pack horses to carry trade goods between abbeys and monasteries in northeast England.<ref name=Brit/> These medieval horses gained the nickname of "Chapman Horses" because of their use by itinerant dealers known as [[Chapman (occupation)|"chapmen"]].{{Sfn|Bongianni|1988|p=Entry 13}} What is now the Cleveland Bay is thought to have been developed from [[Barb (horse)|Barb]], [[Iberian horse|Iberian]], and [[Andalusian horse]]s crossed with Chapman Horse mares. The Barb blood came mainly from horses imported by wealthy young men on their [[Grand Tour of Europe]], bought off the docks in [[Marseille]], France, and transported back to England.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=38–39}} 

The Andalusian or Iberian blood came from horses bred at the royal stud in [[Córdoba, Spain]], and gifted to English royals, such as King [[Henry VIII]], by the King of Spain. The stallions were often available for breeding to local horses, and the first infusion of Iberian blood was added to the native Chapman Horses. The Iberian horses also made their way to the outlying estates of English nobility, and were then taken by [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s men after the [[English Civil War]]. Once in the hands of Cromwell's men, many of the stallions were made available for locals to cross with the existing Chapman Horses, adding a second infusion of Iberian bloodlines. In the late 17th century, a second infusion of Barb blood was added when Cleveland breeders purchased horses directly from soldiers at [[English Tangier|Tangier]], or from the [[Moors]] themselves.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=42–45}}

Between 1685 and 1785, it is believed that this early Chapman Horse/Andalusian/Barb type served as the [[foundation stock]] for the Cleveland Bay. During this century the type grew bigger due to better feeding, and by 1785, had developed through [[selective breeding]] into the "agricultural type" Cleveland Bay.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|p=46}} This original type was heavier and more [[draft horse|draught-like]] than the breed of today. This was due to a need for strength more than speed on the farms and poor roads of 17th- and 18th-century England. As roads improved, and speed became more important{{Sfn|Hayes|1976|p=340}} in the late 18th century, Thoroughbred and [[Arabian (horse)|Arabian]] blood may have been added. The resulting horses were used extensively as [[Driving (horse)|coach horses]],{{Sfn|Bongianni|1988|p=Entry 13}} and were lighter of frame, with a well-arched neck and powerful shoulders, making for a flashy carriage horse.{{Sfn|Hayes|1976|p=340}} 

Thoroughbred blood is believed to have been added by some scholars, in spite the claims of breeders that the Cleveland Bay was "free from taint of black or blood", meaning either Thoroughbred "blood" or the [[Old English Black|Old English "Black"]] and its descendants. The addition of Thoroughbred breeding is thought responsible for Cleveland Bays born with red legs (as opposed to the black normally associated with bay horses), generally the result of a chestnut Thoroughbred sire in the family tree.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|p=50}}

A 2019 genetic study of the Cleveland Bay breed also revealed genetic similarities to the now-extinct [[Turkoman horse]], the [[Connemara Pony]], and the [[Irish Draught]].<ref name="Khanshour"></ref> A separate 2020 study also found that three of the maternal lines in the modern-day Cleveland Bay likely originated from Iberian or Barb mares.<ref name="Curry">{{cite journal |last1=Dell |first1=Andy C. |last2=Curry |first2=Mark C. |last3=Yarnell |first3=Kelly M. |last4=Starbuck |first4=Gareth R |last5=Wilson |first5=Philippe B. |title=Mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation and maternal lineage in the endangered Cleveland Bay horse. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2020 |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=e0243247 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243247 |doi-access=free |pmid=33270708 |pmc=7714183 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543247D }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Just four maternal ancestry lines exist in the Cleveland Bay horse – study |url=https://horsetalk.co.nz/2020/12/04/four-maternal-ancestry-lines-cleveland-bay-horse/ |website=Horsetalk.co.nz |date=3 December 2020 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

===Establishment===

[[File:Horses (Page 213) BHL18251610.jpg|thumb|Stallion "Rothbury"]]
The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society was formed in 1883,{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=57–58}} and the first stud book was published in 1884.{{Sfn|Edwards|1994|pp=304–305}} The 19th century saw the export of many Cleveland Bays overseas to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the United States, India, Russia, France, Germany, and the European continent.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=55–56}} In the early 19th century, Cleveland Bays were first imported to [[Maryland]], [[Virginia]], and [[Massachusetts]] in the United States, and in 1884 the [[Upperville Colt & Horse Show]] was created in Virginia by [[Colonel Richard Henry Dulany]] to showcase his imported Cleveland Bay stallion and the offspring of the stallion.<ref name=IMH/> The Cleveland Bay Society of America was formed in 1885, and by 1907 over 2,000 horses were registered in the studbook.<ref name=ALBC>{{cite web|url=https://livestockconservancy.org/heritage-breeds/heritage-breeds-list/cleveland-bay-horse/ |title=Cleveland Bay Horse |publisher=The Livestock Conservancy}}</ref> The stud book began publication in 1889, although horses were registered who had lived as far back as 1860. Judging from the descriptions of the earliest registered horses, it is possible that many of the "Cleveland Bays" registered were actually [[#YCH|Yorkshire Coach Horses]]; however, all were registered as Clevelands, and that is what they are known as today.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=57–58}} Over 2,000&nbsp;horses were registered with the association by 1907. The horses were of interest to [[Buffalo Bill Cody]], who drove four Cleveland Bay stallions in his [[Buffalo Bill's Wild West|Wild West Show]].<ref name=ALBC/>

Before the [[First World War]], having seen the [[horse cavalry]] feats of mounted [[Boers]] during the [[Second Boer War]], Britain increased its cavalry reserves. Smaller Cleveland Bays were used to carry British troopers, and larger ones pulled [[artillery]]; the War Office offered premiums on Cleveland Bay stallions. Although the First World War was not the cavalry war that had been expected, large numbers of horses were used to pull artillery and losses were high.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=61–64}} Because the war caused a depletion in stock, in 1920 and 1921, the British society opened a special register for previously unregistered mares of Cleveland Bay type, including some already registered as Yorkshire Coach Horses, subject to inspection. Foals of these mares were eligible for registration in the main stud-book, and were also eligible to compete in breed competitions. Some were bred and owned by [[King George V]].{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=61–64}}{{Sfn|Dent|1978|p=52}}

===Decline and re-emergence===

However, interest in the Cleveland Bay was waning, due to increased mechanisation, and the [[Great Depression]] of the early 1930s reduced exports by almost a third.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=61–64}} There was a brief revival of interest in the late 1930s in the United States when Alexander Mackay-Smith imported some as foundation stock for hunters.<ref name=NAAbout>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandbay.org/the-society/about-the-cbhsna.html|title=The Society|publisher=Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America|access-date=2009-03-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714171125/http://www.clevelandbay.org/the-society/about-the-cbhsna.html|archive-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> The decline continued, quickening after the [[Second World War]]; in 1960, the War Office stopped offering premiums on stallions, and many breeders discontinued breeding.{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=61–64}}

By 1962, only four purebred stallions were present in the United Kingdom. [[Queen Elizabeth II]] saved the breed by purchasing Mulgrave Supreme, a stallion that was about to be sold to a buyer in the United States. The stallion was bred to pure- and part-bred mares, and within 15&nbsp;years, there were 36&nbsp;purebred stallions in the UK. Elizabeth II was a patron of the Society from 1977, and during the Society's centenary year of 1984 she acted as its president.{{Sfn|Hendricks|1995|pp=131–132}}

In the late 1960s and 1970s, interest in the breed increased, and part-bred Cleveland Bays were in demand for use as riding horses, especially for use as hunters and jumpers. In 1964, a Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred cross competed in show jumping in the [[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]].{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=65–70}} Another half-bred Cleveland Bay competed for the British Olympic team in show jumping at the [[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City Olympics]], while a third was a reserve mount for the Canadian show jumping team at the [[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal Olympics]]. In the late 1960s and '70s, horses continued to be exported to many countries. Japan, the United States, and Australia have continued to import the horses from England; and, in New Zealand, crosses between Cleveland Bay stallions and native mares were in demand on cattle and sheep [[Station (New Zealand agriculture)|stations]].{{Sfn|Dent|1978|pp=73–75}}

The Cleveland Bay Horse Society keeps a separate register for part-bred horses.{{Sfn|Hendricks|1995|pp=131–132}} In the late 20th century, the breed again gained the attention of the United States public, and in 1985, the U.S. association was reactivated, renamed "The Cleveland Bay Society of North America". In the US, [[The Livestock Conservancy]] considers their status to be critical, which means there is an estimated global population of less than 500, and fewer than 200&nbsp;annual registrations in the United States.{{r|cpl2024}} The UK [[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] also considers their status to be critical, with less than 300&nbsp;breeding females registered worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/main |title=Watchlist (2009) |publisher=Rare Breeds Survival Trust |access-date=2009-03-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324123655/http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/main |archive-date=2009-03-24 }}</ref> The [[Equus Survival Trust]] also considers the breed population to be at critical levels, meaning there are between 100 and 300&nbsp;breeding females left in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equus-survival-trust.org/documents/equineconservationlist.pdf|title=Equus Survival Trust Equine Conservation List|publisher=Equus Survival Trust|access-date=2009-11-08}}</ref> About 135&nbsp;purebred horses are registered in the United States and Canada.<ref name=NAAbout/> There are also small populations in Japan, New Zealand, and Australia.<ref name=IMH/> In 2006, an estimated 550&nbsp;Cleveland Bay horses existed worldwide, of which about 220 were [[mare]]s; the 2005 [[foal]] crop produced fewer than 50&nbsp;horses.<ref name=Breyer>{{cite journal|journal=The Horse|url-access=registration |title=Rare Cleveland Bay Stallion to Visit Kentucky Horse Park |date=June 12, 2006|access-date=2009-11-08|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615174646/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7072 |archive-date=June 15, 2006}}</ref> Paul Bennett, the director of the Coach and Livestock Department for [[Colonial Williamsburg]], estimated the global population of purebred Cleveland Bays to be around 1,000 in 2020, with 220 being in North America, including the United States and Canada. However, infertility in mares was an ongoing issue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swenson |first1=Ben |title=A Stable Population |url=https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/trend-tradition-magazine/trend-tradition-summer-2019/stable-population/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |publisher=Colonial Williamsburg |date=27 January 2020}}</ref>

A 2020 study revealed [[inbreeding]] to be another issue in the Cleveland Bay breed, with genetic analysis revealing that approximately 91% of the stallion and 48% of the dam lines no longer existed in the modern breed, partly due to loss of [[genetic diversity]] through [[crossbreeding]] from 1900 to 2006. The study also found that "only 3 ancestors determine 50% of the genome in the living population, with 70% of maternal lineage being derived from 3 founder females, and all paternal lineages traced back to a single founder stallion".<ref name="Dell">{{cite journal |last1=Dell |first1=A |last2=Curry |first2=M |last3=Yarnell |first3=K |last4=Starbuck |first4=G |last5=Wilson |first5=PB |title=Genetic analysis of the endangered Cleveland Bay horse: A century of breeding characterised by pedigree and microsatellite data. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2020 |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=e0240410 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240410 |doi-access=free |pmid=33119607|pmc=7595272 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1540410D }}</ref>

According to the Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America (CBHSNA), in 2023, there were only 27 purebred foals born in North America, but this represented an 145% increase from previous breeding seasons from 2013 to 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Bay Census |url=https://clevelandbay.org/wp/ |website=The Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> According to the group, there were 758 horses of Cleveland Bay ancestry alive in North America as of June 2024, with 238 (32.4%) being purebreds, and 520 (68.6%) being partbreds. Pennsylvania and Michigan in the United States and Canada were noted as Cleveland Bay breeding hubs.<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 CBHSNA Spring Census for North America eff. 6 June 2024 |url=https://clevelandbay.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/2024-CBHSNA-Spring-Census-final2-June-13.pdf |website=The Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>