Editing Close back rounded vowel (section)

==Close back compressed vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Close back compressed vowel
|ipa symbol = u͍
|ipa symbol2 = ɯᵝ
|ipa symbol3 = u̜
|ipa symbol4 = ɯ̹
}}
Some languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], have a close back vowel that has a distinct [[roundedness#Types of rounding|type of rounding]], called ''compressed'' or ''exolabial''.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=295}} Only [[Shanghainese]] is known to contrast it with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}

There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɯ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɯᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɯ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|u͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

===Features===
{{close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|都]]}}/tub ||{{IPA|[tɯᵝ˩]}} || 'capital' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} || {{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|空気]]}} / {{Transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese|k'''ū'''ki]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯ̟ᵝːki]|help=no}} || 'air' || Near-back; may be realized as central {{IPAblink|ɨᵝ}} by younger speakers.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lizu language|Lizu]]{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[<sup>F</sup>mɯ̟ᵝ]}}{{clarify|date=January 2019}} || 'feather' || Near-back.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}<ref>While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=16}}) state explicitly that it is compressed.</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|m'''o'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[mɯᵝːt]}} || 'courage' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]], in which the vowel can be diphthongized to {{IPA|[ɯᵝə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''o'''r'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]}} || 'unease' || Often realized as a sequence {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ]}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA|Sv-oro.ogg|[²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]|help=no}}). See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}