Editing Clostridium botulinum (section)

=== Metabolism ===
Many ''C. botulinum'' genes play a role in the breakdown of essential carbohydrates and the metabolism of sugars. Chitin is the preferred source of carbon and nitrogen for ''C. botulinum''.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sebaihia M, Peck MW, Minton NP, Thomson NR, Holden MT, Mitchell WJ, Carter AT, Bentley SD, Mason DR, Crossman L, Paul CJ, Ivens A, Wells-Bennik MH, Davis IJ, Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Churcher C, Quail MA, Chillingworth T, Feltwell T, Fraser A, Goodhead I, Hance Z, Jagels K, Larke N, Maddison M, Moule S, Mungall K, Norbertczak H, Rabbinowitsch E, Sanders M, Simmonds M, White B, Whithead S, Parkhill J | title = Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes | journal = Genome Research | volume = 17 | issue = 7 | pages = 1082–1092 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17519437 | pmc = 1899119 | doi = 10.1101/gr.6282807 }}</ref> Hall A strain of ''C. botulinum'' has an active chitinolytic system to aid in the breakdown of chitin.<ref name=":3" /> Type A and B of ''C. botulinum'' production of BoNT is affected by nitrogen and carbon nutrition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leyer GJ, Johnson EA | title = Repression of toxin production by tryptophan in Clostridium botulinum type E | journal = Archives of Microbiology | volume = 154 | issue = 5 | pages = 443–447 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2256780 | doi = 10.1007/BF00245225 | bibcode = 1990ArMic.154..443L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson-Curtis SI, Johnson EA | title = Regulation of neurotoxin and protease formation in Clostridium botulinum Okra B and Hall A by arginine | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | pages = 1544–1548 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2669631 | pmc = 202901 | doi = 10.1128/aem.55.6.1544-1548.1989 | bibcode = 1989ApEnM..55.1544P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Schantz EJ, Johnson EA |date=1992 |title=Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. |url=https://mmbr.asm.org/content/56/1/80 |journal=Microbiological Reviews |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=80–99 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.56.1.80-99.1992 |pmid=1579114 |pmc=372855 |issn=0146-0749}}</ref> There is evidence that these processes are also under catabolite repression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson EA, Bradshaw M | title = Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective | journal = Toxicon | volume = 39 | issue = 11 | pages = 1703–1722 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11595633 | doi = 10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00157-X | bibcode = 2001Txcn...39.1703J }}</ref>