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Clouded leopard
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== Distribution and habitat == [[File:Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa by Dr Raju Kasambe DSC 7497 (28).JPG|thumb|Clouded leopard at [[Aizawl]], Mizoram, India]] The clouded leopard occurs from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[India]] to [[Myanmar]], southeastern [[Bangladesh]], [[Thailand]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]] and to south of the [[Yangtze River]] in China. It is locally extinct in Singapore and Taiwan.<ref name=iucn/> Clouded leopards were found in Nepal in 1987 and 1988, having previously been presumed to be extinct in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=E. |last2=Mehta |first2=J. N. |name-list-style=amp |year=1989 |title=The clouded leopard in Nepal |journal=Oryx |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=199β201 |s2cid=86485712 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300023024 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Since then, the clouded leopard has been recorded in [[Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park]] and in [[Annapurna Conservation Area]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=B. P. |year=2012 |title=Clouded leopard in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal |journal=Cat News | issue=57 |pages=24β25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghimirey |first1=Y. |last2=Acharya |first2=R. |last3=Adhikary |first3=B. |last4=Werhahn |first4=G. |last5=Appel |first5=A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Clouded leopard camera-trapped in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal |journal=Cat News |issue=58 |page=25}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2015, it was also recorded in [[Langtang National Park]] at an elevation range of {{cvt|1823-3498|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Can, Γ. E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Yadav, B. P. |author3=Johnson, P. J. |author4=Ross, J. |author5=DβCruze, N. |author6=Macdonald, D. W. |year=2020 |title=Factors affecting the occurrence and activity of clouded leopards, common leopards and leopard cats in the Himalayas |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=839β851 |doi=10.1007/s10531-019-01912-7 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020BiCon..29..839C}}</ref><!-- In 2018, a multi-year ecosystem assessment in Nepal's [[Makalu-Barun National Park]] combines camera traps, bioacoustics monitors, and temperature loggers across an elevation range of {{cvt|1500|-|5000|m}} through the [[Barun Valley]]. By '''2024''', 27 photographs [[camera trap]] show presence of a vibrant clouded leopard population. Images include a mating pair, individuals marking territory, and young and old animals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Basnet|first=H.|year='''2022''' |title=Peaceful Co-Existence with Wildlife |location=Franklin WV |publisher=Future Generations University}}</ref> --> In India, it occurs in the states of [[Sikkim]], northern [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], as well as in the [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1992 |title=The Clouded Leopard in Assam |journal=Oryx |volume=27 |issue=1|pages=51β53 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300023966 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1996 |title=The clouded leopard |journal=Cheetah |volume=35 |issue=1β2 |pages=13β18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. |year=1997 |title=The clouded leopard in Manipur and Nagaland |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=389β391}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=2003 |title=The cats in North East India |journal=Cat News |volume=39 |pages=15β19}}</ref> In [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]], a clouded leopard was photographed in [[semi-evergreen]] forest at an elevation of {{cvt|144|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borah |first1=J. |last2=Sharma |first2=T. |last3=Lyngdoh |first3=S. |last4=Tapi |first4=T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=First photograph of a clouded leopard at Pakke Tiger Reserve, India |journal=Cat News |issue=52 |pages=24β25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315673188}}</ref> In Sikkim, clouded leopards were photographed by [[camera trap]]s at elevations of {{cvt|2500|-|3720|m}} between April 2008 and May 2010 in the [[Khangchendzonga National Park|Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sathykumar |first1=S. |last2=Bashir |first2=T. |last3=Bhattacharya |first3=T. |last4=Poudyal |first4=K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Assessing mammal distribution and abundance in intricate Eastern Himalayan habitats of Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India |journal=Mammalia |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=257β268 |doi=10.1515/mamm.2011.023 |s2cid=52205824}}</ref> In [[Manas National Park]], 16 individuals were recorded during a survey in November 2010 to February 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borah |first1=J. |last2=Sharma |first2=T. |last3=Das |first3=D. |last4=Rabha |first4=N. |last5=Kakati |first5=N. |last6=Basumatary |first6=A. |last7=Ahmed |first7=M. F. |last8=Vattakaven |first8=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Abundance and density estimates for common leopard ''Panthera pardus'' and clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' in Manas National Park, Assam, India |journal=Oryx |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=149β155 |doi=10.1017/s0030605312000373 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between January 2013 and March 2018, clouded leopards were also recorded in [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]], [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]] and Singchung-Bugun Village Community Reserve, in Meghalaya's [[Nongkhyllem National Park]] and [[Balpakram]]-[[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]] landscape.<ref name=Mukherjee_2019>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=S. |last2=Singh |first2=P. |last3=Silva |first3=A. |last4=Ri |first4=C. |last5=Kakati |first5=K. |last6=Borah |first6=B. |last7=Tapi |first7=T. |last8=Kadur |first8=S. |last9=Choudhary |first9=P. |last10=Srikant |first10=S. |last11=Nadig |first11=S. |last12=Navya |first12=R. |last13=BjΓΆrklund |first13=R. |last14=Ramakrishnan |first14=U. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Activity patterns of the small and medium felid (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) guild in northeastern India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=13432β13447 |doi=10.11609/jott.4662.11.4.13432-13447 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Bhutan, it was recorded in [[Royal Manas National Park]], [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park]], [[Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], [[Phrumsengla National Park]], [[Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary]] and several non-protected areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tempa |first1=T. |last2=Hebblewhite |first2=M. |last3=Mills |first3=L. S. |last4=Wangchuk |first4=T. R. |last5=Norbu |first5=N. |last6=Wangchuk |first6=T. |last7=Nidup |first7=T. |last8=Dendup |first8=P. |last9=Wangchuk |first9=D. |last10=Wangdi |first10=Y. |last11=Dorji |first11=T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan: a hot spot for wild felids |journal=Oryx |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=207β210 |doi=10.1017/s0030605312001317 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penjor |first1=U. |last2=Macdonald |first2=D. W. |last3=Wangchuk |first3=S. |last4=Tandin |first4=T. |last5=Tan |first5=C. K. W. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Identifying important conservation areas for the clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' in a mountainous landscape: Inference from spatial modeling techniques |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=4278β4291 |doi=10.1002/ece3.3970 |pmc=5916301 |pmid=29721297|bibcode=2018EcoEv...8.4278P }}</ref> In Bangladesh, it was recorded in [[Sangu Matamuhari]] in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Petersen, W. J. |author2=Savini, T. |author3=Ngoprasert, D. |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01354 |title=Strongholds under siege: Range-wide deforestation and poaching threaten mainland clouded leopards (''Neofelis nebulosa'') |date=2020 |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=24 |page=e01354 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020GEcoC..2401354P }}</ref> In Myanmar, it was recorded by camera traps for the first time in the hill forests of [[Karen State]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saw Sha Bwe Moo |last2=Froese |first2=G. Z. L. |last3=Gray |first3=T. N. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=First structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high diversity of globally threatened mammals |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=537 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001113 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Thailand, it inhabits relatively open, [[dry tropical forest]] in [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]] and closed-forest [[habitat]]s in [[Khao Yai National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=A. R. |last2=Walker |first2=S. R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 |title=The carnivore community in a dry tropical forest mosaic in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=7 |pages=37β47 |doi=10.1017/s0266467400005034|s2cid=84998140 }}</ref><ref name=Grassman05>{{cite journal |last1=Grassman | first1=L. I. Jr. |last2=Tewes | first2=M. E. |last3=Silvy |first3=N. J. |last4=Kreetiyutanont |first4=K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in North-central Thailand |journal=[[Journal of Mammalogy]] |volume=86 |pages=29β38 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086<0029:eotsfi>2.0.co;2 | s2cid=86640520 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=S. C. |last2=Tewes |first2=M. E. |last3=Grassman |first3=L. I. Jr. |last4=Silvy |first4=N. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Ecology and conservation of the leopard cat ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' and clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand |journal=Acta Zoologica Sinica |volume=53 |pages=1β14}}</ref> In Laos, it was recorded in [[Nam Et-Phou Louey]] National Protected Area in dry [[Evergreen forest|evergreen]] and semi-evergreen forests.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rasphone, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kamler, J.F. |author3=Macdonald, D.W. |year=2020 |title=Temporal partitioning by felids, dholes and their potential prey in northern Laos |journal=Mammal Research |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=679β689 |doi=10.1007/s13364-020-00524-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Cambodia, it was recorded in deciduous [[dipterocarp forest]] in [[Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary]] between 2008 and 2009,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gray, T.N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Phan, C. |year=2011 |title=Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=311β318}}</ref> and in [[Central Cardamom Mountains National Park]], [[Southern Cardamom National Park]], [[Botum Sakor National Park]] and [[Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary]] between 2012 and 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gray, T.N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Billingsley, A. |author3=Crudge, B. |author4=Frechette, J.L. |author5=Grosu, R. |author6=Herranz-MuΓ±oz, V. |author7=Holden, J. |author8=Keo, O. |author9=Kong, K. |author10=Macdonald, D. |author11=Neang, T. |year=2017 |title=Status and conservation significance of ground-dwelling mammals in the Cardamom Rainforest Landscape, southwestern Cambodia |journal=Cambodian Journal of Natural History |volume=2017 |issue=1 |pages=38β48}}</ref> In Peninsular Malaysia, it was recorded in [[Taman Negara National Park]], [[Ulu Muda Forest]], [[Pasoh Forest Reserve]], [[Belum-Temengor]], Temengor Forest Reserve and in a few linkages between 2009 and 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=C. K. W. |last2=Rocha |first2=D. G. |last3=Clements |first3=G. R. |last4=Brenes-Mora, E. |last5=Hedges, L. |last6=Kawanishi, K. |last7=Mohamad, S. W. |last8=Rayan, D. M. |last9=Bolongon, G. |last10=Moore, J. |last11=Wadey, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=Habitat use and predicted range for the mainland clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=206 |pages=65β74 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.012 |bibcode=2017BCons.206...65T |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311954581}}</ref> The last confirmed record of a Formosan clouded leopard dates to 1989, when the skin of a young individual was found in the [[Taroko National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anonymous |year=1996 |title=The mystery of the Formosan clouded leopard |journal=Cat News |volume=24 |page=16}}</ref> It was not recorded during an extensive camera trapping survey conducted from 1997 to 2012 in more than 1,450 sites inside and outside Taiwanese protected areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiang |first1=P. J. |last2=Pei |first2=K. J. C. |last3=Vaughan |first3=M. R. |last4=Li |first4=C. F. |last5=Chen |first5=M. T. |last6=Liu |first6=J. N. |last7=Lin |first7=C. Y. |last8=Lin |first8=L. K. |last9=Lai |first9=Y. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Is the clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' extinct in Taiwan, and could it be reintroduced? An assessment of prey and habitat |journal=Oryx |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=261β269 |doi=10.1017/S003060531300063X |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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