Editing Cognitive neuroscience (section)

====Phrenology====
[[File:Phrenology journal (1848).jpg|thumb|right|upright|A page from the ''American Phrenological Journal'']]
{{Main|Phrenology}}
One of the predecessors to cognitive neuroscience was [[phrenology]], a [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] approach that claimed that behavior could be determined by the shape of the [[scalp]]. In the early 19th century, [[Franz Joseph Gall]] and [[J. G. Spurzheim]] believed that the human brain was localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, Gall claimed that a larger bump in one of these areas meant that that area of the brain was used more frequently by that person. This theory gained significant public attention, leading to the publication of phrenology journals and the creation of phrenometers, which measured the bumps on a human subject's head. While phrenology remained a fixture at fairs and carnivals, it did not enjoy wide acceptance within the scientific community.{{sfn|Bear|Connors|Paradiso|2007|pp=10–11}} The major criticism of phrenology is that researchers were not able to test theories empirically.{{sfn|Kosslyn|Andersen|1995|p={{pn|date=March 2025}}}}