Editing Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (section)

==History==
The institution took root as The Biological Laboratory in 1890, a summer program for the education of college and high school teachers studying zoology, botany, comparative anatomy and nature. The program began as an initiative of Eugene G. Blackford and [[Franklin Hooper]], director of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the founding institution of [[The Brooklyn Museum]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Edith L. |title=Houses for Science: a Pictorial History of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |year=1991 |publisher=CSHL Press, 1991 |pages=20–23 |isbn=9780879694036 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQHhyobFZfwC&pg=PA20}}</ref> In 1904, the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] established the '''Station for Experimental Evolution''' at Cold Spring Harbor on an adjacent parcel. In 1921, the station was reorganized as the Carnegie Institution Department of Genetics.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Between 1910 and 1939, the laboratory was the base of the [[Eugenics Record Office]] of biologist [[Charles B. Davenport]] and his assistant [[Harry H. Laughlin]], two prominent [[American eugenicists]] of the period.  Davenport was director of the Carnegie Station from its inception until his retirement in 1934. In 1935 the Carnegie Institution sent a team to review the ERO's work, and as a result the ERO was ordered to stop all work. In 1939 the Institution withdrew funding for the ERO entirely, leading to its closure. The ERO's reports, articles, charts, and pedigrees were considered scientific facts in their day, but have since been discredited. Its closure came 15 years after its findings were incorporated into the National Origins Act ([[Immigration Act of 1924]]), which severely reduced the number of immigrants to America from southern and eastern Europe who, Harry Laughlin testified, were racially inferior to the Nordic immigrants from England and Germany. Charles Davenport was also the founder and the first director of the [[International Federation of Eugenics Organizations]] in 1925. Today, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory maintains the full historical records, communications and artifacts of the ERO for historical,<ref>See [[Daniel J. Kevles]], ''In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1985); [[Elof A. Carlson]]: ''The Unfit: The History of a Bad Idea'' (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001); Jan A. Witkowski and John R. Inglis, eds., ''Davenport's Dream: 21st Century Reflections on Heredity and Eugenics'' (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2008)</ref>  teaching and research purposes. The documents are housed in a campus archive and can be accessed online<ref>CSHL Archives general search: "eugenics" [http://archives.cshl.edu/R/46IPBANTL4L46S1C2NMSCVU5J7U8A9ME8UX7G8IJGDYEGERMRV-00790] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224034339/http://archives.cshl.edu/R/46IPBANTL4L46S1C2NMSCVU5J7U8A9ME8UX7G8IJGDYEGERMRV-00790|date=February 24, 2021}}
Carnegie Institution of Washington Eugenics Record Office Collection: [http://archives.cshl.edu/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1393970326988~232&locale=en_US&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&search_terms=eugenics&adjacency=N&application=DIGITOOL-3&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224090845/http://archives.cshl.edu/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1393970326988~232&locale=en_US&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&search_terms=eugenics&adjacency=N&application=DIGITOOL-3&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true|date=February 24, 2021}}
Charles B. Davenport Collection:
[http://archives.cshl.edu/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1393970419039~791&locale=en_US&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&search_terms=eugenics&adjacency=N&application=DIGITOOL-3&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224041655/http://archives.cshl.edu/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1393970419039~791&locale=en_US&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&search_terms=eugenics&adjacency=N&application=DIGITOOL-3&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true|date=February 24, 2021}}
The study of human heredity; Methods of collecting, charting, and analyzing data:
[http://archives.cshl.edu/R/46IPBANTL4L46S1C2NMSCVU5J7U8A9ME8UX7G8IJGDYEGERMRV-00890?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000008&set_number=000343&base=GEN01] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224054504/http://archives.cshl.edu/R/46IPBANTL4L46S1C2NMSCVU5J7U8A9ME8UX7G8IJGDYEGERMRV-00890?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000008&set_number=000343&base=GEN01|date=February 24, 2021}}
The Eugenics Record Office at the end of twenty-seven months work:
[http://archives.cshl.edu/R/46IPBANTL4L46S1C2NMSCVU5J7U8A9ME8UX7G8IJGDYEGERMRV-00902?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000011&set_number=000343&base=GEN01] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228203858/http://archives.cshl.edu/R/46IPBANTL4L46S1C2NMSCVU5J7U8A9ME8UX7G8IJGDYEGERMRV-00902?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000011&set_number=000343&base=GEN01|date=February 28, 2021}}</ref> and in a series of multimedia websites.<ref>DNALC web pages on Eugenics: [http://www.dnalc.org/search?q=eugenics];
DNALC Image Archives on the Eugenics Movement: [http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/]; [http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/list3.pl]; 
DNALC Chronicle of eugenics: [http://www.dnai.org/e/index.html]; 
</ref>

Carnegie Institution scientists at Cold Spring Harbor made many contributions to genetics and medicine. In 1908 [[George H. Shull]] discovered hybrid corn and the genetic principle behind it called [[heterosis]],  or "hybrid vigor."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shull | first1 = GH | year = 1907 | title = The significance of latent characters | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1447984| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 25 | issue = 646| pages = 792–794 | doi = 10.1126/science.25.646.792 | pmid = 17810906 | bibcode = 1907Sci....25..792H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shull | first1 = GH | year = 1907 | title = Some latent characters of a white bean | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1447986| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 25 | issue = 647| pages = 828–832 | doi = 10.1126/science.25.647.828-b | pmid = 17828973 }}</ref> This would become the foundation of modern agricultural genetics. In 1916, [[Clarence C. Little]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Little | year = 1920| title = The Heredity of Susceptibility to a Transplantable Sarcoma (J.W.B.) of the Japanese Waltzing Mouse | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448245| journal = Science | volume = 51 | issue = 1323| pages = 467–68 | doi=10.1126/science.51.1323.467| pmid =  17837437| bibcode = 1920Sci....51..467L}}</ref> was among the first scientists to demonstrate a genetic component of cancer.  E. Carleton MacDowell in 1928 discovered a strain of mouse called C58 that developed spontaneous leukemia – an early mouse model of cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richter | first1 = MN | last2 = MacDowell | year = 1930| title = Studies on Leukemia in Mice: I: The Experimental Transmission of Leukemia | journal = [[J. Exp. Med.]] | volume = 51 | issue = 4| pages = 659–73 | doi=10.1084/jem.51.4.659| pmid = 19869718 | pmc = 2131846}}</ref> In 1933, [[Oscar Riddle]] isolated [[prolactin]], the milk secretion hormone<ref>Oscar Riddle, Robert W. Bates and Simon W. Dykshorn "A New Hormone of the Anterior Pituitary," ''[[Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.]]'' 1932; xxix: 1211-1212.</ref> and Wilbur Swingle participated in the discovery of [[adrenocortical hormone]], used to treat [[Addison's disease]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

[[Milislav Demerec]] was named director of the Laboratory in 1941. Demerec shifted the Laboratory's research focus to the genetics of microbes, thus setting investigators on a course to study the biochemical function of the gene. During World War Two, Demerec directed efforts at Cold Spring Harbor that resulted in major increases in penicillin production.<ref>See U.S. Patent 2,445,748 (July 27, 1948). Demerec used x-ray mutagenesis to produce a high-yielding strain of ''Penicillium'' mold.  This facilitated a fivefold increase in penicillin production.</ref>

Beginning in 1941, and annually from 1945, three of the seminal figures of molecular genetics convened summer meetings at Cold Spring Harbor of what they called the [[Phage Group]]. [[Salvador Luria]],  of Indiana University; [[Max Delbrück]], then of [[Vanderbilt University]]; and [[Alfred Hershey]], then of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], sought to discover the nature of genes through study of viruses called bacteriophages that infect bacteria.<ref name="Witkin">{{cite journal |last1=Witkin |first1=Evelyn M. |title=Chances and Choices: Cold Spring Harbor 1944–1955 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |date=October 2002 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161130 |pmid=12142497 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161130 |access-date=6 March 2023 |language=en |issn=0066-4227|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* In 1945, Delbrück's famous Phage Course was taught for the first time, inspiring, among others, a young [[James D. Watson]]; it was repeated for many years after. CSH Symposia important in the cross-fertilization of ideas among molecular biology's pioneers were held in 1951, 1953, 1956, 1961, 1963, and 1966.<ref>"Coming of Phage: Celebrating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the First Phage Course," Pamphlet, 14 pp., 1995.  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.</ref>   
* At the CSH Symposium in summer 1953, Watson made the first public presentation of DNA's double-helix structure.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}