Editing Collaborative intelligence (section)

===Contrast with collective intelligence===
The term [[collective intelligence]] originally encompassed both collective and collaborative intelligence, and many systems manifest attributes of both. [[Pierre Lévy (philosopher)|Pierre Lévy]] coined the term "collective intelligence" in his book of that title, first published in French in 1994.<ref>Lévy P. (1994) ''L'Intelligence collective: Pour une anthropologie du cyberspace''. Paris: La Découverte.</ref> Lévy defined "collective intelligence" to encompass both collective and collaborative intelligence: "a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and in the effective mobilization of skills".<ref>Lévy, P. (1997) ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=550283 Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace]''. New York: Plenum Press</ref> Following publication of Lévy's book, computer scientists adopted the term collective intelligence to denote an application within the more general area to which this term now applies in computer science. Specifically, an application that processes input from a large number of discrete responders to specific, generally quantitative, questions (e.g. what will the price of [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] be next year?) [[Algorithms]] homogenize input, maintaining the traditional anonymity of survey responders to generate better-than-average predictions.

Recent dependency network studies suggest links between collective and collaborative intelligence. Partial correlation-based Dependency Networks, a new class of correlation-based networks, have been shown to uncover hidden relationships between the nodes of the network. Research by Dror Y. Kenett and his Ph.D. supervisor [[Eshel Ben-Jacob]] uncovered hidden information about the underlying structure of the [[New York Stock Exchange|U.S. stock market]] that was not present in the standard [[Stock correlation network|correlation networks]], and published their findings in 2011.<ref>Kenett et al. (2010) ''PLoS ONE'' 5(12): e15032</ref>