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Color printing
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====Japan==== [[File:Eisen1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bijin (beautiful woman) [[ukiyo-e]] by [[Keisai Eisen]], before 1848]] In Japan, color woodcuts were used for both sheet prints and book illustrations, though these techniques are better known within the history of prints. The "full-color" technique, called [[nishiki-e]] in its fully developed form, spread rapidly, and was used widely for sheet prints from the 1760s on. Text was nearly always monochrome, and many books continued to be published with monochrome illustrations [[sumizuri-e]], but the growth of the popularity of ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' brought with it demand for ever increasing numbers of colors and complexity of techniques. By the nineteenth century most artists designed prints that would be published in color. Major stages of this development were: *''Sumizuri-e'' (墨摺り絵, "ink printed pictures") - monochrome printing using only black ink *''Tan-e'' (丹絵) - monochrome sumizuri-e prints with handcoloring; distinguished by use of orange highlights using a red pigment called ''tan'' *"Beni-e" (紅絵, "red pictures") - monochrome sumizuri-e prints with handcoloring; distinguished by use of red ink details or highlights. Should not be confused with "benizuri-e", below. *''[[Urushi-e]]'' (漆絵) - a method in which glue was used to thicken the ink, emboldening the image; gold, mica and other substances were often used to enhance the image further. This technique was often used in combination with hand coloring. ''Urushi-e'' can also refer to paintings using [[lacquer]] instead of paint; lacquer was very rarely if ever used on prints. *''[[Benizuri-e]]'' (紅摺り絵, "crimson printed pictures") - images printed in two or three colors, usually containing red and green pigments, as well as black ink. This printing technique should not be confused with "beni-e", above. Both "beni-e" and "benizuri-e" are so named for the predominant reddish colorants, derived from dyes of the safflower plant (beni 紅). *''Nishiki-e'' (錦絵, "brocade pictures") - a method in which multiple blocks were used for separate portions of the image, allowing a number of colors to be utilized to achieve incredibly complex and detailed images; a separate block would be carved to apply only to the portion of the image designated for a single color. [[Printing registration|Registration marks]] called ''kentō'' (見当) were used to ensure correspondence between the application of each block. Further developments followed from refinements of technique and trends in taste. For instance: *''[[Aizuri-e]]'' (藍摺り絵, "indigo printed pictures"), ''Murasaki-e'' (紫絵, "purple pictures"), and other styles in which a single color would be used in addition to, or instead of, black ink. These are specialty techniques that grew in popularity in the nineteenth century, though a few examples can be seen earlier.
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