Editing Common Romanian (section)

=== From Latin ===
[[File:Development of vowels from Latin to Romanian.png|thumb|320x320px|Vowel changes from Latin to Common Romanian.]]
The comparative analysis of Romance languages shows that certain changes that occurred from Latin to Common Romanian are particular to it or shared only with a limited number of other Romance languages. Some of these changes are:
*reorganization of the Latin vowel system - Common Romanian followed a [[Romance languages#Stressed vowels|mixed scheme]], with the back vowels {{sm|o, u}} following the Sardinian scheme but the front vowels {{sm|e, i}} following the Western Romance scheme.  This produces a six-vowel system (contrast the Sardinian five-vowel system and Western Romance seven-vowel system).
*resistance to [[Palatalization in the Romance languages|palatalization]]:<ref name="Barbato">{{Citation |last=Barbato |first=Marcello |title=The Early History of Romance Palatalizations |date=2022-06-20 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-750 |access-date=2024-04-03 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.750 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
**the palatalization of {{IPA|/tj kj/}}, which appeared as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD, resulted in {{IPA|/ttj/}} or {{IPA|/tj/}} in intervocalic position and as {{IPA|/tj/}} in word-initial position or after a consonant, without giving rise to a new phoneme.
**the palatalization before a front vowel ({{IPA|/k ɡ/}} before {{IPA|/i e ɛ/}}), dated around the fifth century in general, did not occur around this time in Common Romanian (and Dalmatian), and took place after the delabialization of {{IPA|/kw/}} {{IPA|/ɡw/}} ({{IPA|[*sandʒe]}} < {{sc|sanguem}}), the degemination of {{sm|nn}}, {{sm|ll}}, {{sm|rr}}, and the diphthongization of Proto-Romance {{IPA|/ɛ/}} to {{IPA|[jɛ]}}.
*the surviving {{sm|au}} diphthong was retained and later underwent [[Diaeresis (linguistics)|diaeresis]].
*resistance to syncope - Common Romanian kept all the syllables from the Latin word.<ref name= "Akire">{{Cite book |last1=Alkire |first1=Ti |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/romance-languages/45EE841889CA578615891F44B9B59A3A |title=Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction |last2=Rosen |first2=Carol |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88915-5 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511845192|page=260}}</ref>
*absence of [[Romance languages#Lenition|lenition]] - it retained the intervocalic stops intact. It also showed greater conservatism toward {{IPA|/ɡ/}} deletion.{{Sfn|Alkire|Rosen|2010|p=260}}

==== Common features to the four dialects ====

Collectively described as languages of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]] subgroup from a [[Diachrony and synchrony|synchronic]], contemporary perspective<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andreose |first1=Alvise |last2=Renzi |first2=Lorenzo |author-link2=Lorenzo Renzi |editor1-last=Maiden |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=John Charles |editor3-last=Ledgeway |editor3-first=Adam |title=The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, Volume II: Contexts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |pages=283–334 |chapter=Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe |isbn=978-0-521-80073-0 }}</ref> [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] are descendants of the same [[proto-language]] from a historical, [[Diachrony and synchrony|diachronic]] point of view.<ref name="dupref1" /><ref name="dupref" />

Of the features that are found in all four dialects, inherited from [[Latin]] or subsequently developed, of particular importance are:<ref>Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C ''The Grammar of Romanian''], Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 4</ref>

* appearance of the mid central vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} (written as "ă" in [[Romanian alphabet|standardized Romanian]]);
* growth of the plural inflectional ending ''-uri'' for the neuter gender;
* analytic present conditional (ex: [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]] ''aș cânta'');
* analytic future with an auxiliary derived from [[Latin]] ''volo'' (ex: [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] ''va s-cãntu'');
* enclisis of the definite article (ex. [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] ''câre – cârele'');
* nominal declension with two case forms in the singular feminine.
Comparatively, the dialects show a large number of loanwords from Slavic languages, including loanwords from Slavic languages spoken before the 9th century, at the stage before Aromanian, Daco-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian separated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schulte |first=Kim |editor1-last=Haspelmath |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Tadmor |editor2-first=Uri |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2009 |pages=235 |chapter=Loanwords in Romanian |isbn=978-3-11-021843-5 }}</ref> Of these words a few examples are:<ref name="dupref1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.)  |first=Frățilă, Vasile |trans-title= ''Aromanian, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians: Aspects of Identity and Culture'', chapter ''Istro-Romanian dialect.General View'' |title=''Aromâni, Meglenoromâni și Istroromâni: Aspecte identitare și culturale'', capitolul ''Dialectul istroromân.Privire generală''  |publisher=Editura Universității din București |year=2012 |isbn= 978-606-16-0148-6 |page=679 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Capidan |first=Theodor |trans-title= Meglenoromanians, vol.III – Dictionary |title= Meglenoromânii, vol. III – Dicționar  |publisher=Cultura națională |year=1925 }}</ref>
* *bōrzdà ([[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]: ''brazdã'', [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]: ''brazdă'', [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]: ''bråzda'', [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]: ''brazdă'');
* *nevěsta ([[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]: ''niveastã'', [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]: ''nevastă'', [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]: ''nevęstę'', [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]: ''niveastă'');
* *sìto ([[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]: ''sitã'', [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]: ''sită'', [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]: ''sitę'', [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]: ''sită'');
* *slàbъ ([[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]: ''s(c)lab'', [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]: ''slab'', [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]: ''slåb'', [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]: ''slab'').

Substrate words are preserved at different levels in the four dialects. Daco-Romanian has 89, Aromanian 66. Megleno-Romanian 48, and Istro-Romanian 25.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.)  |first=Frățilă, Vasile |trans-title= ''Aromanian, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians: Aspects of Identity and Culture'', chapter ''Istro-Romanian dialect.General View'' |title=''Aromâni, Meglenoromâni și Istroromâni: Aspecte identitare și culturale'', capitolul ''Dialectul istroromân.Privire generală''  |publisher=Editura Universității din București |year=2012 |isbn= 978-606-16-0148-6 |page=678 }}</ref>