Editing Common frog (section)

==Conservation ==

=== Long-term impact of diseases ===
Of the many diseases that affect common frogs, one of the most deadly is [[Ranavirus]], which has been responsible for causing declines in amphibian populations worldwide. Two of the most important and deadly symptoms caused by ranavirus in common frogs are skin ulcerations and [[Bleeding|hemorrhaging]].<ref name="Teacher-2010">{{cite journal |last1=Teacher |first1=A. G. F. |last2=Cunningham |first2=A. A. |last3=Garner |first3=T. W. J. |date=10 June 2010 |title=Assessing the long-term impact of Ranavirus infection in wild common frog populations: Impact of Ranavirus on wild frog populations |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=514–522 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00373.x|s2cid=85889833 }}</ref> Mortality rates associated with the disease are very high, in some cases exceeding 90%.<ref name="Teacher-2010" /> Deaths caused by ranavirus occur at all stages of the common frog's lifecycle and are concentrated mostly during the summer months. Overall, populations of common frog affected by ranavirus experience consistent and substantial declines in population size. Recent metagenomic studies of common frogs from the UK have revealed widespread viral infections with Rana tamanavirus, a positive-sense RNA virus that is closely related to Tamana bat virus, with no pathology or effects on life history traits observed to date.<ref name="pmid38059479">{{cite journal| author=Parry RH, Slonchak A, Campbell LJ, Newton ND, Debat HJ, Gifford RJ | display-authors=etal| title=A novel tamanavirus (Flaviviridae) of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) from the UK. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2023 | volume= 104 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=38059479 | doi=10.1099/jgv.0.001927 | pmc=10770923 }} </ref>

=== Impact of urbanization ===
Due to the widespread nature of ''Rana temporaria'', common frogs can make their homes in both urban and rural environments. However, many of the populations living in urban areas are subject to the detrimental effects of urbanisation. The construction of roads and buildings – absolute barriers to migration – has prevented [[gene flow]] and [[Genetic drift|drift]] between urban populations of common frogs, resulting in lower levels of genetic diversity in urban populations of common frog compared to their rural counterparts.<ref name="Hitchings-1997">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchings |first1=Susan P. |last2=Beebee |first2=Trevor J. C. |date=August 1997 |title=Genetic substructuring as a result of barriers to gene flow in urban Rana temporaria (common frog) populations: implications for biodiversity conservation |journal=Heredity |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1038/hdy.1997.134|pmid=9279008 |s2cid=6284299 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Urban common frog populations also experience higher levels of mortality and developmental abnormalities, indicating forced [[inbreeding]].<ref name="Hitchings-1997" />

However, the common frog is listed as a species of [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="Kuzmin 2008" />