Editing Communication disorder (section)

==Examples==
Examples of disorders that may include or create challenges in language and communication and/or may co-occur with the above disorders:
* [[autism spectrum disorders]] - [[autistic disorder]], [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]] (PDDNOS), and [[Asperger disorder]] – developmental disorders that affect the brain's normal development of social and communication skills.<ref>{{Cite book  | last1=Kennison | first1=Shelia M. | title=Introduction to language development | date =2013-07-30  | publisher=SAGE Publications  | location=Los Angeles  | isbn=978-1-4129-9606-8 | oclc=830837502 }}</ref>
* [[expressive language disorder]] – affects speaking and understanding where there is no delay in non-verbal intelligence.
* [[mixed receptive-expressive language disorder]] – affects speaking, understanding, reading and writing where there is no delay in non-verbal intelligence.
* [[specific language impairment]] – a language disorder that delays the mastery of language skills in children who have no hearing loss or other developmental delays. SLI is also called developmental language disorder, language delay, or developmental dysphasia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/specific-language-impairment.aspx |title=Specific Language Impairment | publisher=National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) |date=2015-08-18 }}</ref>

===Sensory impairments===
* [[Blindness]] – A link between communication skills and visual impairment with children who are blind is currently being investigated.<ref name="James Stojanovik 2007">{{cite journal|last1=James|first1=D. M.|last2=Stojanovik|first2=V.|title=Communication skills in blind children: a preliminary investigation|journal=Child: Care, Health and Development| volume=33| issue=1| year=2007| pages=4–10 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00621.x|pmid=17181747}}</ref>
* [[Deafness]]/frequent [[Otitis media|ear infections]] – Hearing impairments during language acquisition may lead to spoken language problems.  Children with frequent ear infections may temporarily develop problems pronouncing words correctly. The inability to hear is not in itself a communication disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lang-Roth |first=Ruth |date=2014-12-01 |title=Hearing impairment and language delay in infants: Diagnostics and genetics |journal=GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery |volume=13 |pages=Doc05 |doi=10.3205/cto000108 |issn=1865-1011 |pmc=4273166 |pmid=25587365}}</ref>

===Aphasia===
[[Aphasia]] is loss of the ability to produce or comprehend [[language]]. There are acute aphasias which result from stroke or brain injury, and primary progressive aphasias caused by progressive illnesses such as dementia.
* Acute aphasias
** [[Expressive aphasia]] also known as Broca's aphasia, expressive aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia that is characterized by damage to the frontal lobe region of the brain. A person with expressive aphasia usually speaks in short sentences that make sense but take great effort to produce. Also, a person with expressive aphasia understands another person's speech but has trouble responding quickly.<ref name="Sinanović, 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinanović O, Mrkonjić Z, Zukić S, Vidović M, Imamović K|title=Post-stroke language disorders |journal=Acta Clin Croat |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=79–94 |date=March 2011 |pmid=22034787}}</ref>
** [[Receptive aphasia]] also known as Wernicke's aphasia, receptive aphasia is a fluent aphasia that is categorized by damage to the temporal lobe region of the brain. A person with receptive aphasia usually speaks in long sentences that have no meaning or content. People with this type of aphasia often have trouble understanding other's speech and generally do not realize that they are not making any sense.<ref name="Sinanović, 2011"/>
** [[Conduction aphasia]]<ref name="Sinanović, 2011"/> also known as association aphasia, is when there is a difficulty repeating words or phrases. Comprehension and spontaneous speech are usually not limited, just repetition. 
** [[Anomic aphasia]]<ref name="Sinanović, 2011"/> is when one has difficulty retrieving words and may take long pauses when trying to recall certain verbs or nouns. This is a mild form of aphasia as comprehension is not limited.
** [[Global aphasia]]<ref name="Sinanović, 2011"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Aphasia |url=https://aphasia.org/aphasia-resources/global-aphasia/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The National Aphasia Association |language=en-US}}</ref> is the most severe form of aphasia as there is difficulty with speech comprehension, as well as difficulty in responding in meaningful ways. This is caused by several brain injuries in more than one spot. 
* Primary progressive aphasias (PPA)
** [[Progressive nonfluent aphasia]]<ref name="Harciarek, 2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harciarek M, Kertesz A|title=Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship |journal=Neuropsychol Rev |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=271–87 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21809067 |pmc=3158975 |doi=10.1007/s11065-011-9175-9}}</ref> also known as PNFA, is a form of PPA that involves a reduction of speech fluency, syntax and grammar impairment, difficulty of articulation and word finding, and long-term comprehension. 
** [[Semantic dementia]]<ref name="Harciarek, 2001"/> is a condition in which words and phrases slowly begin to lose meaning, and comprehension is lost because of a deterioration in the [[semantic memory]].  This is usually characterized by behavior changes, fluent speech but with no meaning, preserved syntax and grammar, and the impaired ability to recognize objects. 
** [[Logopenic progressive aphasia]]<ref name="Harciarek, 2001"/> also known as LPA, is associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]]. This is characterized by difficulty in word retrieval and repetition, phonological errors, anomia, and the preservation of single-word comprehension.

===Learning disability===
* [[Dyscalculia]] – an impairment in the systems used in communicating [[number]]s
* [[Dyslexia]] – an impairment in systems used in [[Reading (activity)|reading]]
* [[Dysgraphia]] – an impairment in the systems used in writing

===Speech disorders===
* [[cluttering]] - a syndrome characterized by a speech delivery rate which is either abnormally fast, irregular, or both.<ref>{{Cite web| first1=Kenneth O.| last1=Louis| first2=Lawrence J.| last2=Raphael| first3=Florence L.| last3=Myers| first4=Klaas| last4=Bakker| title=Cluttering Updated| url=http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2003/031118/f031118a.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718180144/http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2003/031118/f031118a.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2012-07-18| work=ASHA Leader| publisher=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)| date=2013| access-date=8 December 2013}}
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* [[dysarthria]] - a condition that occurs when problems with the muscles that helps a person to talk make it difficult to pronounce words.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Dysarthria  | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004947/ | work=Impairment of speech; Slurred speech; Speech disorders - dysarthria| publisher =U.S. National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health  | date = 2012 | access-date = 8 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[esophageal voice]] - involves the patient injecting or swallowing air into the esophagus. Usually learnt and used by patients who cannot use their larynges to speak. Once the patient has forced the air into their esophagus, the air vibrates a muscle and creates esophageal voice. Esophageal voice tends to be difficult to learn and patients are often only able to talk in short phrases with a quiet voice.
* [[lisp]] - a speech impairment that is also known as sigmatism.
* [[speech sound disorder]] - Speech-sound disorders (SSD) involve impairments in speech-sound production and range from mild articulation issues involving a limited number of speech sounds to more severe phonologic disorders involving multiple errors in speech-sound production and reduced intelligibility.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sices L, Taylor HG, Freebairn L, Hansen A, Lewis B|title=Relationship between speech-sound disorders and early literacy skills in preschool-age children: impact of comorbid language impairment |journal=J Dev Behav Pediatr |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=438–47 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18091088 |pmc=2755217 |doi=10.1097/DBP.0b013e31811ff8ca}}</ref>
* [[stuttering]] - a speech disorder in which sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or last longer than normal. These problems cause a break in the flow of speech (called disfluency).