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Community development
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=== In the global North === In the 19th century, the work of the Welsh early [[socialist]] thinker [[Robert Owen]] (1771β1851), sought to develop a more perfect community. At [[New Lanark]] and at later communities such as [[Oneida Community|Oneida]] in the USA and the [[New Australia Movement]] in Australia, groups of people came together to create [[utopian]] or [[intentional communities]], with mixed success. Some such communities, formed ''ex nihilo'', contrast the concepts of the development of a community at a later stage. ==== United States ==== In the United States in the 1960s, the term "community development" began to complement and generally replace the idea of [[urban renewal]], which typically focused on physical development projects - often at the expense of [[Working class| working-class]] communities. One of the earliest proponents of the term in the United States was social scientist [[William W. Biddle]] (100-1973).<ref name="in memoriam">{{cite journal|doi= 10.1080/00103829.1973.10877482 | volume=4 | issue=1 | title=In Memoriam: William W. Biddle | year=1973 | journal= Journal of the Community Development Society | page= 5 | last1 = List | first1 = E. Frederick}}</ref> In the late 1960s, philanthropies such as the [[Ford Foundation]] and government officials such as Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] took an interest in local nonprofit organizations. A pioneer was the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation]] in Brooklyn, which attempted to apply [[business skills | business]] and [[management skills]] to the social mission of uplifting low-income residents and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups became known as "[[Community development corporation]]s" or CDCs. Federal laws, beginning with the 1974 [[Housing and Community Development Act of 1974|Housing and Community Development Act]], provided a way for state and municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs and to other [[Non-profit organization |nonprofit organizations]]. National organizations such as the [[Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation]] (founded in 1978 and known since 2005 as [[NeighborWorks America]]), the [[Local Initiatives Support Corporation]] (LISC) (founded in 1980), and the [[Enterprise Foundation]] (founded in 1981) have built extensive networks of affiliated local [[nonprofit]] organizations to which they help provide financing for numerous physical- and [[Social change| social-development]] programs in urban and [[Types of rural communities |rural communities]]. The CDCs and similar organizations have been credited by some with starting the process that stabilized and revived seemingly hopeless [[inner-city]] areas such as [[South Bronx |the South Bronx]] in New York City. ==== United Kingdom ==== In the UK, community development has had two main traditions. The first was as an approach for preparing for the [[decolonisation |independence]] of countries from the former [[British Empire]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Domestically, community development first came into public prominence with the [[Labour Party (UK)| Labour]] Government's anti deprivation programmes of the latter 1960s and 1970s. The main example of this activity, the CDP (Community Development Programme), piloted local area-based community development. This influenced a number of largely urban local authorities, in particular in Scotland with [[Strathclyde]] Region's major community-development programme (the largest at the time in Europe). The [[Gulbenkian Foundation]] was a key funder of commissions and reports which influenced the development of community development in the UK from the latter 1960s to the 1980s. This included recommending that there be a national institute or centre for community development, able to support practice and to advise government and local authorities on policy. This resulted in the forma establishment in 1991 of the Community Development Foundation. In 2004 the [[Carnegie United Kingdom Trust| Carnegie UK Trust]] established a commission of inquiry into the future of rural community development, examining such issues as land reform and climate change. Carnegie funded over sixty rural community-development [[action research | action-research]] projects across the UK and Ireland and national and international communities of practice to exchange experiences. This included the International Association for Community Development (IACD). In 1999 the [[First Blair ministry|Labour Government]] established a UK-wide organisation responsible for setting [[professional training | professional-training]] standards for all education and development practitioners working within local communities. This organisation, PAULO β the National Training Organisation for Community Learning and Development, was named after [[Paulo Freire]] (1921-1997). It was formally recognised by [[David Blunkett]], the [[Secretary of State for Education and Employment]]. Its first chair was Charlie McConnell, the Chief Executive of the [[Scottish Community Education Council]], who had played a lead role in bringing together a range of occupational interests under a single national-training standards body, including [[community education]], community development and development education. The inclusion of community development was significant as it was initially uncertain as to whether it would join the National Training Organisation (NTO) for Social Care. The Community Learning and Development NTO represented all the main employers, trades unions, professional associations and national-development agencies working in this area across the four nations of the UK. The new body used the wording "community learning and development" to acknowledge that all of these occupations worked primarily within local communities, and that this work encompassed not just providing less formal learning support but also a concern for the wider holistic development of those communities β socio-economically, environmentally, culturally and politically. By bringing together these occupational groups this created for the first time a single recognised employment-sector of nearly 300,000 full- and part-time paid staff within the UK, approximately 10% of these staff being full-time. The NTO continued to recognise the range of occupations within it, for example specialists who work primarily with young people, but all agreed that they shared a core set of professional approaches to their work. In 2002 the NTO became part of a wider [[Sector skills council | Sector Skills Council]] for lifelong learning. The UK currently hosts the only global network of practitioners and activists working towards social justice through community development approach, the International Association for Community Development (IACD).<ref name=IACD>{{cite web|title=International Association for Community Development|url= http://www.iacdglobal.org/|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> IACD, formed in the USA in 1953, moved to Belgium in 1978 and was restructured and relaunched in Scotland in 1999.<ref name=IACDhistory>{{cite web|title= IACD- a brief history|url=http://www.iacdglobal.org/iacd-brief-history|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165113/http://www.iacdglobal.org/iacd-brief-history|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Canada ==== Community development in Canada has roots in the development of co-operatives, [[credit union]]s and ''caisses populaires''. The [[Antigonish Movement]] which started in the 1920s in [[Nova Scotia]], through the work of Doctor [[Moses Coady]] and Father [[Jimmy Tompkins (priest) |James Tompkins]], has been particularly influential in the subsequent expansion of community economic development work across Canada. ==== Australia ==== Community development in Australia has often focussed on [[Aboriginal Australian]] communities, and during the period of the 1980s to the early 21st century funds channelled through the Community Employment Development Program, where Aboriginal people could be employed in "a work for the dole" scheme, gave the chance for non-government organisations to apply for a full or part-time worker funded by the Department for Social Security. Dr Jim Ife, formerly of [[Curtin University]], organised a ground-breaking text-book on community development.{{cn|date=September 2022}}
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