Editing Comorbidity (section)

== History ==

Widespread study of physical and mental pathology found its place in psychiatry. I. Jensen (1975),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01406298 |title=Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the Nordisk Neurokirurgisk Förening (Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society) Sept. 5–7, 1974, Oslo, Norway |year=1975 |last1=Kristiansen |first1=K. |last2=Nesbakken |first2=R. |journal=Acta Neurochirurgica |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=257–74|s2cid=13220380 }}</ref> J.H. Boyd (1984),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210065008 |title=Exclusion Criteria of DSM-III: A Study of Co-occurrence of Hierarchy-Free Syndromes |year=1984 |last1=Boyd |first1=Jeffrey H. |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=983–89 |pmid=6477056 |last2=Burke |first2=Jack D. |last3=Gruenberg |first3=Ernest |last4=Holzer |first4=Charles E. |last5=Rae |first5=Donald S. |last6=George |first6=Linda K. |last7=Karno |first7=Marvin |last8=Stoltzman |first8=Roger |last9=McEvoy |first9=Larry|last10=Nestadt |first10=G |display-authors=8 }}</ref> W.C. Sanderson (1990),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanderson |first1=William C. |last2=Beck |first2=Aaron T. |last3=Beck |first3=Judith |title=Syndrome comorbidity in patients with major depression or dysthymia: Prevalence and temporal relationships |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |pmid=2375436 |year=1990 |volume=147 |issue=8 |pages=1025–28 |doi=10.1176/ajp.147.8.1025}}</ref> [[Yuri Nuller]] (1993),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Нуллер |first1=Ю. Л. |chapter=Депрессия и деперсонализация: проблема коморбидности |trans-chapter=Depression and depersonalization: the problem of comorbidity |chapter-url=http://www.psychiatry.ru/lib/54/book/5/chapter/7 |script-title=ru:Депрессии и коморбидные расстройства |trans-title=Depression and comorbid disorders|language=ru }}</ref> D.L. Robins (1994),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00010.x |title=How Recognizing 'Comorbidities' in Psychopathology May Lead to an Improved Research Nosology |year=1994 |last1=Robins |first1=Lee N. |journal=Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice |volume=1 |pages=93–95}}</ref> A. B. Smulevich  (1997),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Смулевич |first1=А. Б. |last2=Дубницкая |first2=Э. Б. |last3=Тхостов |first3=А. Ш. |last4=Зеленина |first4=Е. В. |last5=Андрющенко |first5=A. В. |last6=Иванов |first6=C. В. |chapter=Психопатология депрессий (к построению типологической модели) |trans-chapter=Psychopathology of depression (the construction of a typological model) |chapter-url=http://www.psychiatry.ru/lib/54/book/5/chapter/7 |script-title=ru:Депрессии и коморбидные расстройства |trans-title=Depression and comorbid disorders|language=ru }}</ref> [[C. Robert Cloninger|C.R. Cloninger]] (2002)<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/047084647X.ch4 |chapter=Implications of Comorbidity for the Classification of Mental Disorders: The Need for a Psychobiology of Coherence |editor1-first=Mario |editor1-last=Maj |editor2-first=Wolfgang |editor2-last=Gaebel |editor3-first=Juan José |editor3-last=López-Ibor |editor4-first=Norman |editor4-last=Sartorius | display-editors = 3|title=Psychiatric Diagnosis and Classification |url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatricdiagn00majm |url-access=limited |year=2002 |last1=Cloninger |first1=C. Robert |isbn=978-0-471-49681-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychiatricdiagn00majm/page/n88 79]–106}}</ref> and other psychiatrists discovered a number of comorbid conditions in those with psychiatric disorders.

The influence of comorbidity on the clinical progression of the primary (basic) physical disorder, effectiveness of the medicinal therapy and immediate and long-term prognosis of the patients was researched by physicians and scientists of various medical fields in many countries across the globe. These scientists and physicians included: M. H. Kaplan (1974),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(74)90017-4 |title=The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluating the outcome of diabetes mellitus |year=1974 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Moreson H. |last2=Feinstein |first2=Alvan R. |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases |volume=27 |issue=7–8 |pages=387–404 |pmid=4436428}}</ref> T. Pincus (1986),<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=3820193 |year=1986 |last1=Pincus |first1=T |last2=Callahan |first2=LF |title=Taking mortality in rheumatoid arthritis seriously--predictive markers, socioeconomic status and comorbidity |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=841–45 |journal=The Journal of Rheumatology}}</ref> M. E. Charlson (1987),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(87)90094-4 |title=The therapeutic efficacy of critical care units from two perspectives: A traditional cohort approach vs a new case-control methodology |year=1987 |last1=Charlson |first1=Mary E. |last2=Sax |first2=Frederic L. |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases |volume=40 |pages=31–39 |pmid=3805232 |issue=1}}</ref> F. G. Schellevis (1993),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0895-4356(93)90023-T |title=Validity of diagnoses of chronic diseases in general practice |year=1993 |last1=Schellevis |first1=F.G. |last2=Van De Lisdonk |first2=E. |last3=Van Der Velden |first3=J. |last4=Van Eijk |first4=J.Th.M. |last5=Van Weel |first5=C. |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=461–68 |pmid=8501472}}</ref> H. C. Kraemer (1995),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/sim.4780140803 |title=Statistical issues in assessing comorbidity |year=1995 |last1=Kraemer |first1=Helena Chmura |journal=Statistics in Medicine |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=721–33 |pmid=7644854}}</ref> M. van den Akker (1996),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3109/13814789609162146 |title=Comorbidity or multimorbidity |year=1996 |last1=Van Den Akker |first1=Marjan |last2=Buntinx |first2=Frank |last3=Knottnerus |first3=J André |journal=European Journal of General Practice |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=65–70}}</ref> A. Grimby (1997),<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9458996 |year=1997 |last1=Grimby |first1=A |last2=Svanborg |first2=A |title=Morbidity and health-related quality of life among ambulant elderly citizens |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=356–64 |journal=Aging |doi=10.1007/bf03339614|s2cid=28534072 }}</ref> S. Greenfield (1999),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00203-4 |title=Quantifying comorbidity in a disease-specific cohort: Adaptation of the total illness burden index to prostate cancer |year=1999 |last1=Stier |first1=David M |last2=Greenfield |first2=Sheldon |last3=Lubeck |first3=Deborah P |last4=Dukes |first4=Kimberly A |last5=Flanders |first5=Scott C |last6=Henning |first6=James M |last7=Weir |first7=Julie |last8=Kaplan |first8=Sherrie H |journal=Urology |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=424–29 |pmid=10475347}}</ref> M. Fortin (2004) & A. Vanasse (2004),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1477-7525-2-51 |year=2004 |last1=Fortin |first1=Martin |last2=Lapointe |first2=Lise |last3=Hudon |first3=Catherine |last4=Vanasse |first4=Alain |last5=Ntetu |first5=Antoine L |last6=Maltais |first6=Danielle |journal=Health and Quality of Life Outcomes |volume=2 |pages=51 |pmid=15380021 |title=Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: A systematic review |pmc=526383 |doi-access=free }}</ref> C. Hudon (2005),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fortin |first1=Martin |last2=Lapointe |first2=Lise |last3=Hudon |first3=Catherine |last4=Vanasse |first4=Alain |journal=Canadian Family Physician |pmid=16926936 |title=Multimorbidity is common to family practice: Is it commonly researched? |year=2005 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=244–45 |pmc=1472978}}</ref> L. B. Lazebnik (2005),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Лазебник |first1=Л. Б. |script-title=ru:Старение и полиморбидность |trans-title=Aging and polymorbidity |language=ru |url=http://www.mif-ua.com/archive/article/3531 |journal=Новости медицины и фармации |volume=1 |issue=205 |year=2007}}{{page needed|date=February 2013}}</ref> [[:ru:Верткин, Аркадий Львович|A. L. Vertkin]] (2008),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Вёрткин |first1=А. Л. |last2=Зайратьянц |first2=О. В. |last3=Вовк |first3=Е. И. |script-title=ru:Окончательный диагноз |trans-title=The final diagnosis |language=ru |url=http://www.geotar.ru/catalog/uchlit/litvuz/2776/ |publisher=GEOTAR-Media |location=Moscow |year=2009 |isbn=978-5-9704-0920-6 |access-date=2011-12-15 |archive-date=2013-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608015352/http://www.geotar.ru/catalog/uchlit/litvuz/2776/ |url-status=dead }}{{page needed|date=February 2013}}</ref> G. E. Caughey (2008),<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-8-221 |title=Prevalence of comorbidity of chronic diseases in Australia |year=2008 |last1=Caughey |first1=Gillian E |last2=Vitry |first2=Agnes I |last3=Gilbert |first3=Andrew L |last4=Roughead |first4=Elizabeth E |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=8 |pages=221 |pmid=18582390 |pmc=2474682 |doi-access=free }}</ref> F. I. Belyalov  (2009),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Белялов |first1=Ф. И. |title=Лечение внутренних болезней в условиях коморбидности: монография |script-title=ru:Лечение внутренних болезней в условиях коморбидности |trans-title=Internal Medicine in comorbidity |language=ru |url=http://therapy.irkutsk.ru/my/book/cure8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819080333/http://therapy.irkutsk.ru/my/book/cure8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |location=Irkutsk |year=2012 |publisher=РИО ИГМАПО |isbn=978-5-89786-091-3 }}{{page needed|date=February 2013}}</ref> L. A. Luchikhin (2010)<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20527094 |year=2010 |last1=Лучихин |first1=Л. А. |title=Co-morbidity in ENT practice |script-title=ru:Коморбидность в ЛОР-практике |trans-title=Co-morbidity in ENT practice |language=ru |issue=2 |pages=79–82 |journal=Вестник оториноларингологии |url=http://www.mediasphera.ru/uppic/Vestn%20Otorinolaringol/2010/2/25/LOR_2010_02_79.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118111114/http://www.mediasphera.ru/uppic/Vestn%20Otorinolaringol/2010/2/25/LOR_2010_02_79.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref> and many others.

=== Inception of the term ===
Many centuries ago the doctors propagated the viability of a complex approach in the diagnosis of disease and the treatment of the patient, however, modern medicine, which boasts a wide range of diagnostic methods and a variety of therapeutic procedures, stresses specification. This brought up a question: How to wholly evaluate the state of a patient who has a number of diseases simultaneously, where to start from and which disease(s) require(s) primary and subsequent treatment? For many years this question stood out unanswered, until 1970, when a renowned American doctor epidemiologist and researcher, [[Alvan Feinstein|A.R. Feinstein]], who had greatly influenced the methods of clinical diagnosis and particularly methods used in the field of clinical epidemiology, came out with the term of "comorbidity". The appearance of comorbidity was demonstrated by Feinstein using the example of patients physically affected by rheumatic fever, discovering the worst state of the patients, who simultaneously had multiple diseases. In due course of time after its discovery, comorbidity was distinguished as a separate scientific-research discipline in many branches of medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Alvan R. |year=1970 |title=The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=455–68 |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(70)90054-8 |pmid=26309916}}</ref>

=== Evolution of the term ===
Presently there is no agreed-upon terminology of comorbidity. Some authors bring forward different meanings of comorbidity and multi-morbidity, defining the former, as the presence of a number of diseases in a patient, connected to each other through proven pathogenetic mechanisms and the latter, as the presence of a number of diseases in a patient, not having any connection to each other through any of the proven to date pathogenetic mechanisms.<ref>Лазебник Л. Б. Старение и полиморбидность // [http://old.consilium-medicum.com/media/consilium/05_12/993.shtml Консилиум Медикум, 2005, № 12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081555/http://old.consilium-medicum.com/media/consilium/05_12/993.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Others affirm that multi-morbidity is the combination of a number of chronic or acute diseases and clinical symptoms in a person and do not stress the similarities or differences in their pathogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greenfield |first1=Sheldon |last2=Apolone |first2=Giovanni |last3=McNeil |first3=Barbara J. |author-link3=Barbara Joyce McNeil |last4=Cleary |first4=Paul D. |year=1993 |title=The Importance of Co-Existent Disease in the Occurrence of Postoperative Complications and One-Year Recovery in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Replacement: Comorbidity and Outcomes after Hip Replacement |journal=Medical Care |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=141–54 |doi=10.1097/00005650-199302000-00005 |jstor=3765891 |pmid=8433577 |s2cid=13474819}}</ref> However the principle clarification of the term was given by H. C. Kraemer and M. van den Akker, determining comorbidity as the combination in a patient of 2 or more chronic diseases (disorders), pathogenetically related to each other or coexisting in a single patient independent of each disease's activity in the patient.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}