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Comparative literature
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==German School== {{Expand section|date=June 2017}} Like the French School, German Comparative Literature has its origins in the late 19th century. After World War II, the discipline developed to a large extent owing to one scholar in particular, [[Peter Szondi]] (1929–1971), a Hungarian who taught at the [[Free University Berlin]]. Szondi's work in Allgemeine und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft (German for "General and Comparative Literary Studies") included the genre of drama, lyric (in particular hermetic) poetry, and [[hermeneutics]]: "Szondi's vision of Allgemeine und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft became evident in both his policy of inviting international guest speakers to Berlin and his introductions to their talks. Szondi welcomed, among others, [[Jacques Derrida]] (before he attained worldwide recognition), [[Pierre Bourdieu]] and [[Lucien Goldman]] from France, [[Paul de Man]] from Zürich, [[Gershom Sholem]] from Jerusalem, [[Theodor W. Adorno]] from Frankfurt, [[Hans Robert Jauss]] from the then young [[University of Konstanz]], and from the US [[René Wellek]], [[Geoffrey Hartman]] and [[Peter Demetz]] (all at Yale), along with the liberal publicist [[Lionel Trilling]]. The names of these visiting scholars, who form a programmatic network and a methodological canon, epitomize Szondi's conception of comparative literature. However, German comparatists working in East Germany were not invited, nor were recognized colleagues from France or the Netherlands. Yet while he was oriented towards the West and the new allies of West Germany and paid little attention to comparatists in Eastern Europe, his conception of a transnational (and transatlantic) comparative literature was very much influenced by East European literary theorists of the Russian and Prague schools of structuralism, from whose works René Wellek, too, derived many of his concepts. These concepts continue to have profound implications for comparative literary theory today" ... A manual published by the department of comparative literature at the LMU Munich lists 31 German departments which offer a diploma in comparative literature in Germany, albeit some only as a 'minor'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lehrstuhl für Komparatistik - LMU München |url=https://www.komparatistik.uni-muenchen.de/index.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.komparatistik.uni-muenchen.de |language=de}}</ref> These are: Augsburg, Bayreuth, Free University Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin, Bochum, Bonn, Chemnitz-Zwickau, Erfurt, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Essen, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt an der Oder, Gießen, [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]], Jena, Karlsruhe, Kassel, Konstanz, Leipzig, Mainz, München,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.komparatistik.uni-muenchen.de/index.html | title=Lehrstuhl für Komparatistik - LMU München }}</ref> Münster, Osnabrück, Paderborn, Potsdam, Rostock, Saarbrücken, Siegen, Stuttgart, Tübingen,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.germ.uni-tuebingen.de/abteilungen/Komparatistik/index.html |title=Deutsches Seminar |website=www.germ.uni-tuebingen.de |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227092837/http://www.germ.uni-tuebingen.de/abteilungen/Komparatistik/index.html |archive-date=27 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wuppertal. (Der kleine Komparatist [2003]). This situation is undergoing rapid change, however, since many universities are adapting to the new requirements of the recently introduced Bachelor and Master of Arts. German comparative literature is being squeezed by the traditional philologies on the one hand and more vocational programmes of study on the other which seek to offer students the practical knowledge they need for the working world (e.g., 'Applied Literature'). With German universities no longer educating their students primarily for an academic market, the necessity of a more vocational approach is becoming ever more evident".<ref>{{citation |last=Lubrich | first=Oliver |author-link=Oliver Lubrich |year=2006 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/comparative_critical_studies/v003/3.1lubrich.html |title=Comparative Literature – in, from and beyond Germany |journal=Comparative Critical Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 | pages=47–67 |publisher=British Comparative Literature |access-date=Dec 18, 2011 }}</ref>
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