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===One-upmanship=== '''One-upmanship''', also called "one-upsmanship",<ref name="Merriam-Webster one-upmanship">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/one-upmanship |title=One-upmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=2021-04-26 }}</ref> is the art or practice of successively outdoing a [[competitor]]. The term was first used in the title of a book by [[Stephen Potter]], published in 1952<ref>In full, ''One-Upmanship: Being Some Account of the Activities and Teachings of the Lifemanship Correspondence College of One-Upness and Games Lifemastery''.</ref> as a follow-up to ''The Theory and Practice of [[Gamesmanship]] (or the Art of Winning Games without Actually Cheating)'' (1947). Other ''Lifemanship'' titles in his series of [[tongue-in-cheek]] [[self-help book]]s, as well as film and television derivatives, teach various ploys to achieve this. This comic [[satire]] of [[self-help]] style guides manipulates traditional British conventions for the gamester. The principle being all life being a game, who understands that ''if you're not one-up, you're one-down.'' Potter's unprincipled principles apply to almost any possession, experience or situation, deriving maximum undeserved rewards and discomfitting the opposition. The 1960 film [[School for Scoundrels (1960 film)|''School for Scoundrels'']] and its [[School for Scoundrels (2006 film)|2006 remake]] were satiric portrayals of how to use Potter's ideas.{{cn|date=November 2024}} In that context, the term refers to a satiric course in the [[gambit]]s required for the systematic and conscious practice of "creative intimidation", making one's associates feel inferior and thereby gaining the status of being "one-up" on them. Viewed seriously, it is a phenomenon of [[group dynamics]] that can have significant effects in the [[management]] field: for instance, manifesting in [[office politics]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Wiley CIAexcel Exam Review 2015 |first1=S. Rao |last1=Vallabhaneni |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-119-09431-9 |page=326 |chapter=Organizational Politics}}</ref>
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