Editing Compressed-air energy storage (section)

===Isothermal===
Isothermal compression and expansion approaches attempt to maintain [[operating temperature]] by constant heat exchange to the environment. In a reciprocating compressor, this can be achieved by using a finned piston <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heidari|first1=Mahbod |last2=Mortazavi|first2=Mehdi |last3=Rufer|first3=Alfred |date=2017-12-01|title=Design, modeling and experimental validation of a novel finned reciprocating compressor for Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage applications|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544217315529 |journal=Energy|language=en |volume=140|pages=1252–1266 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.031 |bibcode=2017Ene...140.1252H |issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and low cycle speeds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohammadi-Amin|first1=Meysam |last2=Jahangiri|first2=Ali Reza|last3=Bustanchy|first3=Mohsen |date=2020|title=Thermodynamic modeling, CFD analysis and parametric study of a near-isothermal reciprocating compressor|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S245190492030144X |journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress|language=en |volume=19|pages=100624|doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100624|bibcode=2020TSEP...1900624M |s2cid=225574178 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Current{{When|date=May 2024}} challenges in effective [[heat exchanger]]s mean that they are only practical for low power levels. The theoretical efficiency of isothermal energy storage approaches 100% for perfect heat transfer to the environment. In practice, neither of these perfect thermodynamic cycles is obtainable, as some heat losses are unavoidable, leading to a near-isothermal process. Recent developments in isothermal CAES focus on advanced thermal management techniques and materials that maintain constant air temperatures during compression and expansion, minimizing energy losses and improving system efficiency.