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Concrete shell
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==Historic concrete shells== The oldest known concrete shell, the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in Rome]], was completed about AD 125, and is still standing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=MacDonald, William L. (William Lloyd), 1921-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52418306|title=The Pantheon : design, meaning, and progeny|date=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-01019-1|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=52418306}}</ref> It has a massive concrete dome 43m in diameter, with an [[Oculus (architecture)|oculus]] at its centre.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Masi|first1=F.|last2=Stefanou|first2=I.|last3=Vannucci|first3=P.|date=2018-06-01|title=A study on the effects of an explosion in the Pantheon of Rome|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029617309501|journal=Engineering Structures|language=en|volume=164|pages=259β273|doi=10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.082|s2cid=113553851 }}</ref> A monolithic structure, it appears to have been sculpted in place by applying thin layers on top of each other in decreasing diameter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kozak-Holland|first1=Mark|last2=Procter|first2=Chris|date=2014|title=Florence Duomo project (1420β1436): Learning best project management practice from history|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263786313000604|journal=International Journal of Project Management|language=en|volume=32|issue=2|pages=242β255|doi=10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.05.003}}</ref> Massively thick at the bottom and thinning (with aerated volcanic [[pumice]] as part of the concrete mix) at the top, the Pantheon is a remarkable feat of engineering.<ref name=":0" />
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