Editing Connectionism (section)

===Biological realism===
Connectionist work in general does not need to be biologically realistic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encephalos.gr/48-1-01e.htm|title=Encephalos Journal|website=www.encephalos.gr|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-OCCwAAQBAJ&q=%22accurate%22&pg=PT18|title=Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition|last=Wilson|first=Elizabeth A.|date=2016-02-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-95876-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=OIR_1>{{cite journal| title=Organismically-inspired robotics: homeostatic adaptation and teleology beyond the closed sensorimotor loop| author=Di Paolo, E.A| url=https://users.sussex.ac.uk/~ezequiel/dp-erasmus.pdf| publisher=[[University of Sussex]]| journal=Dynamical Systems Approach to Embodiment and Sociality, Advanced Knowledge International| date=1 January 2003| access-date=29 December 2023| s2cid=15349751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zorzi|first1=Marco|last2=Testolin|first2=Alberto|last3=Stoianov|first3=Ivilin P.|date=2013-08-20|title=Modeling language and cognition with deep unsupervised learning: a tutorial overview|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=4|page=515|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00515|issn=1664-1078|pmc=3747356|pmid=23970869|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=AA_1>{{cite journal| title=Analytic and Continental Philosophy, Science, and Global Philosophy| author=Tieszen, R.| url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1015&context=comparativephilosophy| journal=Comparative Philosophy| volume=2| issue=2| pages=4–22| date=2011| access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV9TZzOITMwC&q=%22biological%20plausibility%22&pg=PA17|title=Neural Network Perspectives on Cognition and Adaptive Robotics|last=Browne|first=A.|date=1997-01-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0455-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pPv0STSos8C&q=%22biological+realism%22&pg=PA63|title=Connectionism in Perspective|last1=Pfeifer|first1=R.|last2=Schreter|first2=Z.|last3=Fogelman-Soulié|first3=F.|last4=Steels|first4=L.|date=1989-08-23|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-59876-9|language=en}}</ref> One area where connectionist models are thought to be biologically implausible is with respect to error-propagation networks that are needed to support learning,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crick|first=Francis|date=January 1989|title=The recent excitement about neural networks|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=337|issue=6203|pages=129–132|doi=10.1038/337129a0|pmid=2911347|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=1989Natur.337..129C|s2cid=5892527}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Rumelhart|first1=David E.|last2=Hinton|first2=Geoffrey E.|last3=Williams|first3=Ronald J.|date=October 1986|title=Learning representations by back-propagating errors|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=323|issue=6088|pages=533–536|doi=10.1038/323533a0|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=1986Natur.323..533R|s2cid=205001834}}</ref> but error propagation can explain some of the biologically-generated electrical activity seen at the scalp in [[event-related potential]]s such as the [[N400 (neuroscience)|N400]] and [[P600 (neuroscience)|P600]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fitz|first1=Hartmut|last2=Chang|first2=Franklin|date=2019-06-01|title=Language ERPs reflect learning through prediction error propagation|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=111|pages=15–52|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.03.002|pmid=30921626|issn=0010-0285|hdl=21.11116/0000-0003-474F-6|s2cid=85501792|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and this provides some biological support for one of the key assumptions of connectionist learning procedures. Many recurrent connectionist models also incorporate [[dynamical systems theory]]. Many researchers, such as the connectionist [[Paul Smolensky]], have argued that connectionist models will evolve toward fully [[Continuous function|continuous]], high-dimensional, [[non-linear]], [[dynamic systems]] approaches.