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Copernican principle
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===Modern tests=== Recent and planned tests relevant to the cosmological and Copernican principles include: * time drift of cosmological redshifts;<ref name=uzan>{{Cite journal |last1=Uzan |first1=J. P. |last2=Clarkson |first2=C. |last3=Ellis |first3=G. |title=Time Drift of Cosmological Redshifts as a Test of the Copernican Principle |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.191303 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=100 |issue=19 |page=191303 |year=2008 |pmid=18518435 |arxiv=0801.0068 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.100s1303U |s2cid=31455609}}</ref> * modelling the local gravitational potential using reflection of [[cosmic microwave background]] (CMB) photons;<ref name=caldwell>{{Cite journal |last1=Caldwell |first1=R. |last2=Stebbins |first2=A. |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.191302 |title=A Test of the Copernican Principle |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=100 |issue=19 |page=191302 |year=2008 |pmid=18518434 |arxiv=0711.3459 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.100s1302C |s2cid=5468549}}</ref> * the [[redshift]] dependence of the luminosity of [[supernovae]];<ref name=clifton>{{Cite journal |last1=Clifton |first1=T. |last2=Ferreira |first2=P. |last3=Land |first3=K. |title=Living in a Void: Testing the Copernican Principle with Distant Supernovae |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.131302 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=101 |issue=13 |year=2008 |pmid=18851434 |arxiv=0807.1443 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.101m1302C |page=131302 |s2cid=17421918}}</ref> * the kinetic [[Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect]] in relation to dark energy;<ref name=zhang>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=P. |last2=Stebbins |first2=A. |doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0294 |title=Confirmation of the Copernican principle through the anisotropic kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=369 |issue=1957 |pages=5138–5145 |year=2011 |pmid=22084299 |bibcode=2011RSPTA.369.5138Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[cosmic neutrino background]];<ref name=jia>{{Cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=J. |last2=Zhang |first2=H. |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2008/12/002 |title=Can the Copernican principle be tested using the cosmic neutrino background? |journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |volume=2008 |issue=12 |page=002 |year=2008 |arxiv=0809.2597 |bibcode=2008JCAP...12..002J |s2cid=14320348}}</ref> * the integrated [[Sachs–Wolfe effect]];<ref name=tomita>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomita |first1=K. |last2=Inoue |first2=K. |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.79.103505 |title=Probing violation of the Copernican principle via the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect |journal=Physical Review D |volume=79 |issue=10 |page=103505 |year=2009 |arxiv=0903.1541 |bibcode=2009PhRvD..79j3505T |s2cid=118478786}}</ref> * testing the isotropy and homogeneity of the CMB;<ref name=bull>{{Cite journal |last1=Clifton |first1=T. |last2=Clarkson |first2=C. |last3=Bull |first3=P. |title=Isotropic Blackbody Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation as Evidence for a Homogeneous Universe |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.051303 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=109 |issue=5 |year=2012 |pmid=23006164 |arxiv=1111.3794 |bibcode=2012PhRvL.109e1303C |page=051303 |s2cid=119278505}}</ref><ref name=kim>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=J. |last2=Naselsky |first2=P. |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/739/2/79 |title=Lack of Angular Correlation and Odd-Parity Preference in Cosmic Microwave Background Data |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=739 |issue=2 |page=79 |year=2011 |arxiv=1011.0377 |bibcode=2011ApJ...739...79K |s2cid=118580902}}</ref><ref name=copi>{{Cite journal |last1=Copi |first1=C. J. |last2=Huterer |first2=D. |last3=Schwarz |first3=D. J. |last4=Starkman |first4=G. D. |title=Large-Angle Anomalies in the CMB |doi=10.1155/2010/847541 |journal=Advances in Astronomy |volume=2010 |pages=1–17 |year=2010 |arxiv=1004.5602 |bibcode=2010AdAst2010E..92C |s2cid=13823900 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=planck>{{cite journal |arxiv=1303.5083 |collaboration=Planck Collaboration |last=Ade |title=Planck 2013 results. XXIII. Isotropy and Statistics of the CMB |year=2013 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321534 |volume=571 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |page=A23 |bibcode=2014A&A...571A..23P |s2cid=13037411}}</ref><ref name="longo">{{cite arXiv |eprint=astro-ph/0703325 |last=Longo |first=Michael |title=Does the Universe Have a Handedness? |year=2007}}</ref> * observation of the [[KBC Void]] – some authors claim it violates the [[cosmological principle]] and thus the Copernican principle,<ref name="Haslbauer">{{Cite journal |last1=Haslbauer |first1=M. |last2=Banik |first2=I. |last3=Kroupa |first3=P. |date=2020-12-21 |title=The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict LCDM on a Gpc scale – Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=499 |issue=2 |pages=2845–2883 |arxiv=2009.11292 |bibcode=2020MNRAS.499.2845H |doi=10.1093/mnras/staa2348 |issn=0035-8711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> while others claim that it is consistent with them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahlén |first1=Martin |last2=Zubeldía |first2=Íñigo |last3=Silk |first3=Joseph |date=2016 |title=Cluster–Void Degeneracy Breaking: Dark Energy, Planck, and the Largest Cluster and Void |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=820 |issue=1 |pages=L7 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L7 |issn=2041-8205 |arxiv=1511.04075 |bibcode=2016ApJ...820L...7S |s2cid=119286482 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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