Editing Cosplay (section)

===Fan costuming===
[[File:Masquerade attendee dressed as "Mister Skygack, from Mars" (1912).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|A ''Mr. [[Skygack]]'' – an early modern costuming or cosplay outfit, Washington state, 1912<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cosplay.kotaku.com/cosplay-is-over-100-years-old-1777013405|title=Cosplay Is Over 100 Years Old|first=Luke|last=Plunkett|date=16 May 2016|website=kotaku.com|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506032711/https://cosplay.kotaku.com/cosplay-is-over-100-years-old-1777013405|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cracked.com/article_20873_6-nerd-culture-stereotypes-that-are-way-older-than-you-think.html|title=6 Nerd Culture Stereotypes That Are Way Older Than You Think|work=Cracked|date=8 April 2014|quote=At a masked ball in Monroe, Washington, in 1912, August Olson's impressive homemade Skygack costume, complete with notebook, won him first prize and a place on the front page of the local paper.|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184045/https://www.cracked.com/article_20873_6-nerd-culture-stereotypes-that-are-way-older-than-you-think.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Undercover Character: Diving Deep into the World of Cosplay|url=http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/entertainment/weekly-surge/article23585248.html|work=Myrtle Beach Sun|author=Derrick Bracey|date=11 June 2015|at=The Past, Present and Future of Cosplay|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921195155/http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/entertainment/weekly-surge/article23585248.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[A.D. Condo]]'s science fiction [[comic strip]] character [[Mr. Skygack, from Mars]] (a Martian ethnographer who comically misunderstands many Earthly affairs) is arguably the first fictional character that people emulated by wearing costumes, as in 1908 Mr. and Mrs. William Fell of [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], are reported to have attended a masquerade at a skating rink wearing Mr. Skygack and Miss Dillpickles costumes. Later, in 1910, an unnamed woman won first prize at masquerade ball in [[Tacoma, Washington]], wearing another Skygack costume.<ref name="io9 19 September 2013">{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Ron|title=Was Mr. Skygack the First Alien Character in Comics?|url=http://io9.com/was-mr-skygack-the-first-alien-character-in-comics-453576089|access-date=20 September 2013|newspaper=[[io9]]|date=19 September 2013|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911032138/http://io9.com/was-mr-skygack-the-first-alien-character-in-comics-453576089|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AshcraftPlunkett">{{cite book|title=Cosplay World|pages=6–11|first1=Brian|last1=Ashcraft|first2=Luke|last2=Plunkett|publisher=Prestel Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9783791349251}}</ref>

The first people to wear costumes to attend a convention were science fiction fans [[Forrest J Ackerman]] and Myrtle R. Douglas, known in fandom as [[Morojo]]. They attended the 1939 [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] (Nycon or 1st [[World Science Fiction Convention|Worldcon]]) in the Caravan Hall, New York, US dressed in "futuristicostumes", including green cape and breeches, based on the [[pulp magazine]] artwork of [[Frank R. Paul]] and the 1936 film ''[[Things to Come]]'', designed and created by Douglas.<ref name="AshcraftPlunkett" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m29/kyle.htm |journal=[[Mimosa (magazine)|Mimosa]] |first=David |last=Kyle |author-link=David Kyle |title=Caravan to the Stars |number=29 |date=December 2002 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=1 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501201447/http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m29/kyle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Culp|first=Jennifer|title=Meet the Woman Who Invented Cosplay|url=http://www.racked.com/2016/5/9/11451408/cosplay-inventor-morojo-myrtle-r-douglas|access-date=11 May 2016|newspaper=[[Vox Media#Racked|Racked]]|date=9 May 2016|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024223516/https://www.racked.com/2016/5/9/11451408/cosplay-inventor-morojo-myrtle-r-douglas|url-status=live}}</ref> 
[[File:MorojoAND4SJ.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Forrest J Ackerman]] and [[Morojo]] at the [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] in "futuricostumes" designed and sewn by Morojo]]
Ackerman later stated that he thought everyone was supposed to wear a costume at a science fiction convention, although only he and Douglas did.<ref name="Painter">{{cite book |title=Forry: The Life of Forrest J Ackerman |first=Deborah |last=Painter |pages=37–39 |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 | isbn=9780786448845}}</ref>

Fan costuming caught on, however, and the [[2nd World Science Fiction Convention|2nd Worldcon]] (1940) had both an unofficial masquerade held in Douglas' room and an official masquerade as part of the programme.<ref name="yah140724">{{cite news |last=Raymond |first=Adam K. |date=24 July 2014 |title=75 Years Of Capes and Face Paint: A History of Cosplay |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/75-years-of-capes-and-face-paint-a-history-of-cosplay-92666923267.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821094505/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/75-years-of-capes-and-face-paint-a-history-of-cosplay-92666923267.html |archive-date=21 August 2017 |access-date=2 August 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref><ref name="Rich">{{cite book|title=C.M. Kornbluth: The Life and Works of a Science Fiction Visionary|first=Mark|last=Rich|page=69|publisher=McFarland|year=2009|isbn=9780786457113}}</ref><ref name="Resnick">{{cite book|title=Always a Fan|first=Mike|last=Resnick|chapter=Worldcon Masquerades|pages=106–110|publisher=Wildside Press|year=2015|isbn=9781434448149}}</ref> [[David Kyle]] won the masquerade wearing a [[Ming the Merciless]] costume created by [[Leslie Perri]], while [[Robert A. W. Lowndes]] received second place with a Bar Senestro costume (from the novel ''[[The Blind Spot]]'' by [[Austin Hall (writer)|Austin Hall]] and [[Homer Eon Flint]]).<ref name="Rich" /> Other costumed attendees included guest of honor [[E. E. Smith]] as [[Northwest Smith]] (from [[C. L. Moore]]'s series of short stories) and both Ackerman and Douglas wearing their futuristicostumes again.<ref name="Painter" /><ref name="Rich" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Textile Technoculture Creations and the Early Days of Women's Cosplay |url=https://www.ladyscience.com/features/textile-technoculture-creations-and-the-early-days-of-womens-cosplay |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Lady Science |date=14 August 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825042430/https://www.ladyscience.com/features/textile-technoculture-creations-and-the-early-days-of-womens-cosplay |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masquerades and costume balls continued to be part of [[World Science Fiction Convention]] tradition thereafter.<ref name="Resnick" /> Early Worldcon masquerade balls featured a band, dancing, food and drinks. Contestants either walked across a stage or a cleared area of the dance floor.<ref name="Resnick" />

Ackerman wore a "Hunchbackerman of Notre Dame" costume to the [[3rd World Science Fiction Convention|3rd Worldcon]] (1941), which included a mask designed and created by [[Ray Harryhausen]], but soon stopped wearing costumes to conventions.<ref name="Painter" /> Douglas wore an Akka costume (from [[A. Merritt]]'s novel ''[[The Moon Pool]]''), the mask again made by Harryhausen, to the 3rd Worldcon and a Snake Mother costume (another Merritt costume, from ''[[The Face in the Abyss|The Snake Mother]]'') to the [[4th World Science Fiction Convention|4th Worldcon]] (1946).<ref>{{cite book|title=I Remember Morojo|first=Forrest J|last=Ackerman|url=http://ww.efanzines.com/Morojo/|year=1965|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034705/http://ww.efanzines.com/Morojo/|archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> Terminology was yet unsettled; the 1944 edition of [[Jack Speer]]'s ''Fancyclopedia'' used the term '''costume party'''.<ref name="Fancyclopedia">{{cite book |last1=Speer |first1=John Bristol |author-link1=Jack Speer |title=Fancyclopedia |date=1944 |publisher=Forrest J Ackerman |location=Los Angeles |page=21 |edition=1st}}</ref>

[[File:Costumes (1118158480).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of five people standing together in costume|Costuming at the 1982 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]
Rules governing costumes became established in response to specific costumes and costuming trends.  The first nude contestant at a Worldcon masquerade was in 1952; but the height of this trend was in the 1970s and early 1980s, with a few every year.<ref name="Resnick" />  This eventually led to "No Costume is No Costume" rule, which banned full nudity, although partial nudity was still allowed as long as it was a legitimate representation of the character.<ref name="AshcraftPlunkett" /> [[Mike Resnick]] describes the best of the nude costumes as Kris Lundi wearing a [[harpy]] costume to the [[32nd World Science Fiction Convention|32nd Worldcon]] (1974) (she received an honorable mention in the competition).<ref name="Resnick" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.costume.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=90298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034201/http://www.costume.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=90298|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2017|title=Kris Lundi aka Animal X as a Harpy, Discon II, 1974|work=International Costumers' Guild, Inc.|date=5 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fanac.org/photohtm.php?worldcon/Discon/w74m024|title=Discon II – 1974 WorldCon Masquerades and Costumes|work=The Fanac Fan History Project|date=8 November 2007|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429145038/https://fanac.org/photohtm.php?worldcon/Discon/w74m024|url-status=live}}</ref> Another costume that instigated a rule change was an attendee at the [[20th World Science Fiction Convention|20th Worldcon]] (1962) whose blaster prop fired a jet of real flame; which led to fire being banned.<ref name="Resnick" />  At the [[30th World Science Fiction Convention|30th WorldCon]] (1972), artist [[Scott Shaw (artist)|Scott Shaw]] wore a costume composed largely of peanut butter to represent his own [[underground comix]] character called "The Turd".  The peanut butter rubbed off, doing damage to soft furnishings and other peoples' costumes, and then began to go rancid under the heat of the lighting.  Food, odious, and messy substances were banned as costume elements after that event.<ref name="Resnick" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m25/resnick.htm|title=Worldcon Memories (part 4)|first=Mike|last=Resnick|journal=Mimosa|number=25|date=April 2000|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601182249/http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m25/resnick.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://file770.com/?p=11769|work=File 770|title=Scott Shaw! Deuce of Deuces|date=26 February 2013|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626040040/http://file770.com/?p=11769|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.costume.org/gallery2/v/bruce_mai/Worldcons/worldcon30/WOR1969_01_016_001.jpg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013220846/http://www.costume.org/gallery2/v/bruce_mai/Worldcons/worldcon30/WOR1969_01_016_001.jpg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2015|title=Scott Shaw as The Turd, LACon I, 1972|work=International Costumers' Guild, Inc.|date=16 September 2011}}</ref>

Costuming spread with the [[science fiction convention]]s and the interaction of [[science fiction fandom|fandom]].  The earliest known instance of costuming at a convention in the United Kingdom was at the [[Eastercon|London Science Fiction Convention]] (1953) but this was only as part of a play.  However, members of the Liverpool Science Fantasy Society attended the 1st Cytricon (1955), in [[Kettering]], wearing costumes and continued to do so in subsequent years.<ref name="Hansen1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiawol.org.uk/fanstuff/then%20archive/cosplay/cos01.htm|work=THEN: The Archive|title=Early Cosplay: 1930s to 1950s|first=Rob|last=Hansen|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819233413/https://fiawol.org.uk//fanstuff/THEN%20Archive/cosplay/cos01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[15th World Science Fiction Convention|15th Worldcon]] (1957) brought the first official convention masquerade to the UK.<ref name="Hansen1" /> The 1960 [[Eastercon]] in London may have been the first British-based convention to hold an official fancy dress party as part of its programme.<ref name="Hansen2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiawol.org.uk/fanstuff/then%20archive/cosplay/cos02.htm|work=THEN: The Archive|title=Early Cosplay: 1960s|first=Rob|last=Hansen|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819233359/https://fiawol.org.uk//fanstuff/then%20archive/cosplay/cos02.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
The joint winners were Ethel Lindsay and Ina Shorrock as two of the titular witches from the novel ''[[The Witches of Karres]]'' by [[James H. Schmitz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiawol.org.uk/fanstuff/then%20archive/1960con/60con2.htm|editor-first=Rob|editor-last=Hansen|work=THEN: The Archive|title=The 1960 Eastercon|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428123045/https://fiawol.org.uk//fanstuff/then%20archive/1960con/60con2.htm|url-status=live}} Based on {{cite journal|title=I Was the Treasurer for the London Con to End All Cons|first=Archie|last=Mercer|journal=Cactus|issue=5|date=May 1960}}
and {{cite journal|title=Inchmery Fan Diary|first=Harold Peter|last=Sanderson|journal=Aporrheta|issue=17|date=June 1960}}</ref>

''Star Trek'' conventions began in 1969 and major conventions began in 1972 and they have featured cosplay throughout.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fanlore.org/wiki/Star_Trek_Conventions|title=Star Trek Conventions – Fanlore|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601103834/https://fanlore.org/wiki/Star_Trek_Conventions|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Japan, costuming at conventions was a fan activity from at least the 1970s, especially after the launch of the [[Comiket]] convention in December 1975.<ref name="AshcraftPlunkett" />  Costuming at this time was known as {{Nihongo||仮装|kasō}}.<ref name="AshcraftPlunkett" />  The first documented case of costuming at a fan event in Japan was at [[Nihon SF Taikai|Ashinocon]] (1978), in [[Hakone]], at which future science fiction critic [[Mari Kotani]] wore a costume based on the cover art for [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' novel ''[[A Fighting Man of Mars]]''.<ref group="Notes">Mari Kotani's costume has sometimes been misreported as a Triton costume (from the manga ''[[Triton of the Sea]]'') due to its visual similarity and because Kotani was known as a member of the TRITON fan club.</ref><ref name="Ohwada">{{cite web|title=Interview: Mari Kotani, Pioneer of Japanese Cosplay – Origins|work=An Introduction to Japanese Subcultures|first1=Toshiyuki|last1=Ohwada|first2=Mari|last2=Kotani|url=https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/intro-to-japanese-subculture/0/steps/23609|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502163635/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/intro-to-japanese-subculture/0/steps/23609|archive-date=2 May 2017|access-date=2 May 2017|quote=This is an important part, so I'd like to spell it out clearly. In short, you, Ms. Mari, a member of the sci-fi anime fan club TRITON, attended a sci-fi convention at a sleepover-style facility, where you dressed up as a sci-fi character that appeared on the cover of Edgar Rice Burroughs' A Fighting Man of Mars.
}}</ref><ref name="out of hand">{{cite book|year=2004|first=Rachel|last=Thorn|author-link=Rachel Thorn|chapter=Girls And Women Getting Out Of Hand: The Pleasure And Politics Of Japan's Amateur Comics Community|title=Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan|editor-first=William W.|editor-last=Kelly|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=9780791460320|page=175}}</ref> In an interview Kotani states that there were about twenty costumed attendees at the convention's costume party—made up of members of her ''[[Triton of the Sea]]'' fan club and {{Nihongo|Kansai Entertainers|関西芸人|Kansai Geinin}}, antecedent of the [[Gainax]] anime studio—with most attendees in ordinary clothing.<ref name="Ohwada" />  One of the Kansai group, an unnamed friend of [[Yasuhiro Takeda]], wore an impromptu [[Tusken Raider]] costume (from the film ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'') made from one of the host-hotel's rolls of toilet paper.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Notenki Memoirs|first=Yasuhiro|last=Takeda|publisher=ADV Manga|year=2005|isbn=9781413902341}}</ref> Costume contests became a permanent part of the [[Nihon SF Taikai]] conventions from Tokon VII in 1980.

Possibly the first costume contest held at a [[comic book convention]] was at the [[Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors|1st Academy Con]] held at [[Grand Central Hotel|Broadway Central Hotel]] in New York in August 1965.<ref name="Schelly">{{cite journal|journal=[[Alter Ego (magazine)|Alter Ego]]|issue=83|date=7 November 2012|publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing|title=Found! 'New' Photos from the 1965 New York Comicon! (part 2)|first=Bill|last=Schelly|pages=69–70|volume=3}}</ref> [[Roy Thomas]], future editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics but then just transitioning from a [[fanzine]] editor to a professional comic book writer, attended in a [[Plastic Man]] costume.<ref name="Schelly" />

The first Masquerade Ball held at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] was in 1974 during the convention's 6th event.  Voice actress [[June Foray]] was the [[master of ceremonies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-comic-con-san-diego-timeline-htmlstory.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Timeline—Downey Jr. dances, Arnold surprises, Spider-Man rushes the stage: Every year of Comic-Con in one giant timeline|date=8 July 2015|first1=Tracy|last1=Brown|first2=David|last2=Lewis|first3=Jevon|last3=Phillips|first4=Meredith|last4=Woerner|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727162526/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-comic-con-san-diego-timeline-htmlstory.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  Future [[scream queen]] [[Brinke Stevens]] won first place wearing a [[Vampirella]] costume.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 March 2012|first1=Richard|last1=Vasseur|first2=Brinke|last2=Stevens|title=Brinke Stevens Interview|work=Jazma|url=http://forums.jazmaonline.com/post.asp?method=Reply&TOPIC_ID=4225&FORUM_ID=21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407055204/http://forums.jazmaonline.com/post.asp?method=Reply&TOPIC_ID=4225&FORUM_ID=21|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2017|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theggtmc.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/brinke-stevens-interview.html|date=28 April 2012|title=The Brinke Stevens Interview|first1=Justin|last1=Bozung|first2=Brinke|last2=Stevens|work=The Gentleman's Blog to Midnight Cinema|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518081652/http://theggtmc.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/brinke-stevens-interview.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ackerman (who was the creator of Vampirella) was in attendance and posed with Stevens for photographs.  They became friends and, according to Stevens "Forry and his wife, Wendayne, soon became like my god parents."<ref name="Collum2004">{{cite book|title=Assault of the Killer B's|first=Jason Paul|last=Collum|year=2004|isbn=9780786480418|publisher=McFarland|page=24}}</ref>  Photographer Dan Golden saw a photograph of Stevens in the Vampirella costume while visiting Ackerman's house, leading to him hiring her for a non-speaking role in her first student film, ''Zyzak is King'' (1980), and later photographing her for the cover of the first issue of ''[[Femme Fatales (magazine)|Femme Fatales]]'' (1992).<ref name="Collum2004" />  Stevens attributes these events to launching her acting career.<ref name="Collum2004" />

As early as a year after the 1975 release of ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'', audience members began dressing as characters from the movie and role-playing (although the initial incentive for dressing-up was free admission) in often highly accurate costumes.<ref name=SamuelsMov>{{cite book |title=Midnight Movies |first=Stuart |last=Samuels |page=11 |publisher=Collier Books |year=1983 |isbn=002081450X}}</ref><ref name=Siegel>{{cite web|last=Siegel|first=Robert|title=Making The Rocky Horror Picture Show|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=7605|publisher=Blu-ray.com|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412022720/https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=7605|url-status=live}}</ref>

Costume-Con, a conference dedicated to costuming, was first held in January 1983.<ref name="CostumeCon">{{cite web|url=http://www.costume-con.org/about-us/the-genesis-and-evolution-of-costume-con/|title=The Genesis and Evolution of Costume-Con|work=costume-con.org|first1=Karen|last1=Schnaubelt|first2=Betsy R.|last2=Marks|date=14 July 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429164230/http://www.costume-con.org/about-us/the-genesis-and-evolution-of-costume-con/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Science Fiction Culture|first=Camille|last=Bacon-Smith|author-link=Camille Bacon-Smith|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2000|isbn=9780812215304|page=56}}</ref> The International Costumers Guild, Inc., originally known as the Greater Columbia Fantasy Costumer's Guild, was launched after the 3rd Costume-Con (1985) as a parent organization and to support costuming.<ref name="CostumeCon" />