Editing Counterterrorism (section)

=== Legal contexts ===
{{Main|Anti-terrorism legislation}}

In response to the growing legislation.

; {{UK}}
* The United Kingdom has had counterterrorism legislation in place for more than thirty years. The Prevention of Violence Act 1938 was brought in response to an [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) campaign of violence under the [[S-Plan]]. This act had been allowed to expire in 1953. It was repealed in 1973 to be replaced by the [[Prevention of Terrorism Acts]], a response to [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland. From 1974 to 1989, the temporary provisions of the act were renewed annually. Their original counterterrorism legislation was used to predict future IRA attacks and respond accordingly based on their predictions. For example, if British Security Forces attacked, they predicted the IRA would target civilian areas as a response.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=Paul |last2=Piazza |first2=James A. |last3=Horgan |first3=John |title=Counterterrorism Killings and Provisional IRA Bombings, 1970–1998 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |date=26 May 2016 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=473–496 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2016.1155932|s2cid=147673041 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1477465/ }}</ref>
* In 2000 the Acts were replaced with the more permanent [[Terrorism Act 2000]], which contained many of their powers, and then the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]].
* The [[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] was formally introduced into the Parliament on November 19, 2001, two months after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the United States. It received royal assent and went into force on December 13, 2001. On December 16, 2004, the Law Lords ruled that Part 4 was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, under the terms of the [[Human Rights Act 1998]], it remained in force. The [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]] was drafted to answer the Law Lords ruling and the [[Terrorism Act 2006]] creates new offenses related to terrorism, and amends existing ones. The act was drafted in the aftermath of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] and, like its predecessors, some of its terms have proven to be highly controversial.

Since 1978 the UK's terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared [[Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation]], whose often influential reports are submitted to Parliament and published in full.

;{{US}}
* U.S. legal issues surrounding this issue include rulings on the domestic employment of [[deadly force]] by law enforcement agencies.
* Search and seizure is governed by the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
* The U.S. passed the [[Patriot Act]] after the September 11 attacks, as well as a range of other legislation and [[executive orders]] relating to national security.
* The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] was established to consolidate domestic security agencies to coordinate counterterrorism and national response to major natural disasters and accidents.
* The [[United States Coast Guard]]'s mission, only military branch with law enforcement jurisdiction to board and seize ''"The direct or indirect supply, sale, or transfer of weapons to terrorist organizations violates U.N. Security Resolution 2216 (as extended and renewed by resolutions 2675 and 2707) and international law."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=USCENTCOM Seizes Iranian Advanced Conventional Weapons Bound for Houthis |url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3645241/uscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centcom.mil%2FMEDIA%2FPRESS-RELEASES%2FPress-Release-View%2FArticle%2F3645241%2Fuscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis%2F |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=U.S. Central Command |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The [[Posse Comitatus Act]] limits domestic employment of the [[United States Army]] and the [[United States Air Force]], requiring Presidential approval before deploying the Army or the Air Force. [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] policy also applies this limitation to the [[United States Marine Corps]] and the [[United States Navy]], because the Posse Comitatus Act does not cover naval services, even though they are federal military forces. The Department of Defense can be employed domestically on Presidential order, as was done during the [[Los Angeles riots of 1992]], [[Hurricane Katrina]], and the [[Beltway Sniper]] incidents.
* External or international use of lethal force would require a [[Presidential finding]].
* In February 2017, sources claimed that the Trump administration intends to rename and revamp the U.S. government program [[Countering Violent Extremism Task Force|Countering Violent Extremism]] (CVE) to focus solely on Islamist extremism.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-extremists-program-exclusiv-idUSKBN15G5VO Exclusive: Trump to focus counter-extremism program solely on Islam – sources], Reuters 2017-02-02</ref>

;
; {{AUS}}
* Australia has passed several counterterrorism acts. In 2004, a bill comprising three acts [[Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004|Anti-terrorism Act, 2004, (No 2) and (No 3)]] was passed. Then Attorney-General, [[Philip Ruddock]], introduced the ''Anti-terrorism bill, 2004'' on March 31. He described it as "a bill to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism laws in a number of respects&nbsp;– a task made more urgent following the recent tragic [[2004 Madrid train bombings|terrorist bombings]] in Spain." He said that Australia's counterterrorism laws "require review and, where necessary, updating if we are to have a legal framework capable of safeguarding all Australians from the scourge of terrorism." The [[Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005]] supplemented the powers of the earlier acts. The Australian legislation allows police to detain suspects for up to two weeks without charge and to electronically track suspects for up to a year. The [[Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005#The "Shoot to Kill" Clause|Australian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2005]] included a "shoot-to-kill" clause. In a country with entrenched [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] traditions, the measures are controversial and have been criticized by [[civil libertarian]]s and [[Islam]]ic groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/TerrorismLaws|title = Proposals to further strengthen Australia s counter-terrorism laws 2005}}</ref>

;
; {{ISR}}
* Israel monitors a list of designated [[terrorist organization]]s and has laws forbidding membership in such organizations and funding or helping them.
* On December 14, 2006, the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] ruled [[Israeli targeted killings|targeted killings]] were a permitted form of self-defense.<ref>[http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.htm Summary of Israeli Supreme Court Ruling on Targeted Killings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223012451/http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.htm |date=February 23, 2013 }} December 14, 2006</ref>
* In 2016 the Israeli [[Knesset]] passed a comprehensive law against terrorism, forbidding any kind of terrorism and support of terrorism, and setting severe punishments for terrorists. The law also regulates legal efforts against terrorism.<ref name="Israel-ani-terror-law">{{cite news|title=Terror bill passes into law|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Terror-bill-passes-into-law-456857|access-date=June 16, 2016|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 16, 2016}}</ref>