Editing Crate (section)

=== Design ===
There are many variations of wooden crate designs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Jasper |author-link=Jasper Morrison |last2=Picchi |first2=Francesca |date=11 May 2020 |title=Unexpected design: the crate |url=https://www.domusweb.it/en/design/gallery/2020/05/11/the-crate.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=[[Domus (magazine)|Domus]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> By far the most common are 'closed', 'open' and 'framed'. A Closed Crate is one that is completely or nearly completely enclosed with material such as plywood or lumber boards. When lumber is used, gaps are often left between the boards to allow for expansion. An Open Crate is one that (typically) uses lumber for sheathing. The sheathing is typically gapped by at various distances. There is no strict definition of an open crate as compared to a closed crate. Typically when the gap between boards is greater than the distance required for expansion, the crate would be considered an open crate. The gap between boards would typically not be greater than the width of the sheathing boards. When the gap is larger, the boards are often considered 'cleats' rather than sheathing thus rendering the crate unsheathed. An unsheathed crate is a frame crate. A Frame Crate is one that only contains a skeletal structure and no material is added for surface or pilferage protection. Typically an open crate will be constructed of 12 pieces of lumber, each along an outer edge of the content and more lumber placed diagonally to avoid distortion from torque.

When any type of crate reaches a certain size, more boards may be added. These boards are often called cleats. A cleat is used to provide support to a panel when that panel has reached a size that may require added support based on the method of transportation. Cleats may be placed anywhere between the edges of a given panel. On crates, cleat placement is often determined by the width of the plywood used on plywood sheathed crates. On other crates, cleats are often evenly spaced as required to strengthen the panel. Sometimes two cleats are added across the top panel of a crate placed as needed to give the top of the crate added strength where lifting chains or straps may press on the crate while lifting. When the dimensions of a crate side necessitate more than one piece of plywood be used in that crate side's construction, additional boards called 'battens' are used to cover and provide support to the seams between abutting pieces of plywood. Battens are typically wider than cleats, but do not need to be so.

Cleats may have more specific names based on added benefit they provide. Some published standards only use those more descriptive terms and may never refer to these various lumber components as cleats. For example, lumber placed under the top of a wood container to add support for a large top are called "joists". Lumber is built into the midsection of the top of a wood container to strengthen the top are called "cleats". When the cleats are enlarged and constructed to support a large top, they may generically be termed "cleats" or more specifically be termed "joists".

[[image:plywood sheathed crate 2014-03-25.jpg|thumb|A plywood sheathed crate with a [[pallet]]-like bottom.]]
"Skids" or thick bottom runners, are sometimes specified to allow forklift trucks access for lifting.

Transportation methods and storage conditions must always be considered when designing a crate. Every step of the transportation chain will result in different stresses from shock and vibration. Differences in pressure, temperature and humidity may not only adversely affect the content of the crate, but also will have an effect on the holding strength of the fasteners (mostly the nails and staples) in the crate. In some countries, any wooden crate being designed to ship overseas must be treated to [[ISPM 15]] standards or commonly known as the “bug stamp” <ref>{{cite web|title=ISPM-15 Wood Crates|url=http://www.packcrateandship.com/ispm-15-wood-crates/|access-date=2015-09-17|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080258/http://www.packcrateandship.com/ispm-15-wood-crates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> to prevent the spread of disease and insects.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISPM No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade (2017)|url=https://ispm15.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ispm15_international-standards-for-phytosanitary-measures_adopted-2013_published_2017.pdf}}</ref>

Although the above definition almost always stands true, there are many slightly altered or 'sub-definitions' used by and in various organizations, agencies and documents. This is the result of the small size of the industry and the fact that a single, finite definition of an item that is different every time it is made can be difficult to define.

IATA, the International Air Transport Association, for example, doesn't allow crates on airplanes because it defines a crate as an open transport container. Although a crate can be of the Open or Framed variety, having no sheathing, a Closed crate is not open and is just as safe to ship in as a wooden box, which is allowed by IATA.