Editing Crinoid (section)

=== Predation ===
Specimens of the sea urchin ''[[Calocidaris micans]]'' found in the vicinity of the crinoid ''[[Endoxocrinus parrae]]'', have been shown to contain large quantities of stem portions in their guts. These consist of articulated ossicles with soft tissue, whereas the local sediment contained only disarticulated ossicles without soft tissue. This makes it highly likely that these sea urchins are [[Predation|predators]] of the crinoids, and that the crinoids flee, offering part of their stem in the process.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1666/07031.1 |title=Urchins in the meadow: Paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids |journal=Paleobiology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=22–34 |year=2008 |last1=Baumiller |first1=Tomasz K. |last2=Mooi |first2=Rich |last3=Messing |first3=Charles G. |s2cid=85647638 |jstor=20445573|bibcode=2008Pbio...34...22B }}</ref>

Various crinoid fossils hint at possible prehistoric predators. [[Coprolite]]s of both fish and [[cephalopod]]s have been found containing ossicles of various crinoids, such as the pelagic crinoid ''[[Saccocoma]]'', from the [[Jurassic]] [[Lagerstätte|lagerstatten]] [[Solnhofen]],<ref name="Hess">{{cite book |first=Hans |last=Hess |chapter=Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Plattenkalk of Bavaria, German |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTKhrnw23MkC&pg=PA216 |pages=216–24 |editor1-first=Carlton E. |editor1-last=Brett |editor2-first=William I. |editor2-last=Ausich |editor3-first=Michael J. |editor3-last=Simms |year=2003 |title=Fossil Crinoids |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52440-7}}</ref> while damaged crinoid stems with bite marks matching the toothplates of [[Coccosteidae|coccosteid]] [[placoderms]] have been found in Late [[Devonian]] [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0111 |title=Inferred placoderm bite marks on Devonian crinoids from Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=259 |pages=105–12 |year=2011 |last1=Gorzelak |first1=Przemys Law |last2=Rakowicz |first2=Lukasz |last3=Salamon |first3=Mariusz A. |last4=Szrek |first4=Piotr}}</ref> The calyxes of several Devonian to [[Carboniferous]]-aged crinoids have the shells of a snail, ''[[Platyceras]]'', intimately associated with them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brett |first1=Carlton E. |first2=Sally E. |last2=Walker |title=Predators and predation in Paleozoic marine environments |journal=Paleontological Society Papers |volume=8 |year=2002 |pages=93–118 |url=http://www.yale.edu/ypmip/predation/Chapter_05.pdf |access-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813070821/http://www.yale.edu/ypmip/predation/Chapter_05.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-13 |url-status=dead |doi=10.1017/S1089332600001078 }}</ref> Some have the snail situated over the anus, suggesting that ''Platyceras'' was a [[Coprophagia|coprophagous]] commensal, while others have the animal directly situated over a borehole, suggesting a more pernicious relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |hdl=2027.42/75509 |title=Infestation of Middle Devonian (Givetian) camerate crinoids by platyceratid gastropods and its implications for the nature of their biotic interaction |journal=Lethaia |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=71–82 |year=2003 |last1=Gahn |first1=Forest J. |last2=Baumiller |first2=Tomasz K. |doi=10.1080/00241160310003072|bibcode=2003Letha..36...71G |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75509/1/00241160310003072.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>