Editing Cross-cultural communication (section)

== Cross-cultural communication in the workplace ==
Corporations have grown into new countries, regions, and continents around the world, which has caused people of various cultures to move and learn to adapt to their environment. This has led to cross-cultural communication becoming more important in the work environment. From nonverbal to spoken communication, it is critical for a company or organizations performance. The entire company or organization will face drastic hardships when their communication is restricted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=SIM |first1=Monica-Ariana |last2=POP |first2=Anamaria Mirabela |title=The Idiomatic Vocabulary of the Pandemic |journal=The Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences |date=December 2021 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=453–464 |doi=10.47535/1991auoes30(2)048 |s2cid=246524419 |issn=1222-569X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Over the past few decades, many Western corporations have expanded into [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. James Baba Abugre conducted a study on western [[expatriate]]s who have moved to work in [[Ghana]]. Abugre interviewed both the expatriates and Ghanaians, and found that [[cultural competence]] is essential to working with others of different cultures in order to avoid conflict between the Western and Eastern cultural norms. It is important that workers understand both verbal and non-verbal communication styles. Expatriates who move to work in a culture that is not their own should be prepared, be properly trained, and have access to educational resources to help them succeed and to appreciate the culture they have moved into, in order to navigate it effectively. Abugre's main finding is that cultural competency is important to cross-cultural communication.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Abugre|first=James Baba|date=2017-01-01|title=Cross-cultural communication imperatives: Critical lessons for Western expatriates in multinational companies (MNCs) in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2017-0005|journal=Critical Perspectives on International Business|volume=14|issue=2/3|pages=170–187|doi=10.1108/cpoib-01-2017-0005|issn=1742-2043|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Paula Caligiuri]] has proposed training of international workers in [[cultural agility]] techniques as a way to improve such communication.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caligiuri |first1=Paula |last2=Tarique |first2=Ibraiz |date=2016-12-01 |title=Cultural agility and international assignees' effectiveness in cross-cultural interactions: Cultural agility and international assignees' effectiveness in cross-cultural interactions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijtd.12085 |journal=International Journal of Training and Development |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=280–289 |doi=10.1111/ijtd.12085|s2cid=147917789 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Yaila Zotzmann, Dimitri van der Linden, and Knut Wyra looked at [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. Together they had a focus on employees in each continent with a focus on error orientation. The authors define this as "one's attitude toward dealing with, communicating about, and learning from errors". They studied employees from [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[United States]] of America, and [[Vietnam]]. Country differences, cultural values, and personality factors were also accounted for. The study was [[quantitative research|quantitative]] and looked at a single organization that had offices in eight countries. Results showed error orientation varied based on the culture they were in. Americans tend to be more open to errors and learn from them as well as speaking about their mistakes, whereas Japanese subjects had the lowest tolerance for errors. The Japanese showed concern about how it may impact those around them and the organization. The study also referred to [[Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory]]. The findings show a potential relationship between error orientation and an employee's culture. Other important factors are the country they live in or personality dimensions.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Zotzmann|first1=Yaila|last2=van der Linden| first2=Dimitri| last3=Wyrwa| first3=Knut| date=2019-12-01| title=The relation between country differences, cultural values, personality dimensions, and error orientation: An approach across three continents – Asia, Europe, and North America|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753518306982|journal=Safety Science|language=en|volume=120|pages=185–193|doi=10.1016/j.ssci.2019.06.013|s2cid=198479124|issn=0925-7535}}</ref>

Cross-cultural communications and boundaries are present in all sectors. In Europe, cross-cultural communication in primary care is important, for example in dealing with migrants in the present [[European migrant crisis]]. Maria van den Muijsenbergh conducted a study on primary care in Europe as well as a new program, RESTORE. The program stands for: "Research into implementation STrategies to support patients of different ORigins and language background in a variety of European primary care settings". The countries participating are [[Ireland]], [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Austria]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Greece]]. Muijsenbergh found in her study that there was a range of issues in primary care for migrants in Europe. There are both language and culture barriers between medical professionals and patients, which has an impact on their communication. Even with the translation methods that technology provides, language barriers remain to fall fast.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gladkova |first=Anna |title=When Value Words Cross Cultural Borders: English Tolerant Versus Russian Tolerantnyj |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9979-5_5 |work=Studies in Ethnopragmatics, Cultural Semantics, and Intercultural Communication |year=2020 |pages=73–93 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9979-5_5 |hdl=1885/216032 |isbn=978-981-329-978-8 |s2cid=210441331 |access-date=2022-10-16|hdl-access=free }}</ref> The study also found that migrants were more likely to use [[emergency services]], which was consistent in countries with a steady influx of migrants or few migrants, and during times of economic prosperity or recession. Muijsenbergh found that migrants have worse health than native Europeans, with her findings suggesting that this is a result of the language and cultural barriers. She recommends medical professionals use different training and educational resources in order to become cross-cultural communicators.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=van der Muijsenbergh| first1=Maria| last2=van Weel-Baumbarten| first2=Evelyn| last3=Burns| first3=Nicola| last4=O'Donnell| first4=Catherine| last5=Mair|first5=Frances| last6=Spiegel|first6=Wolfgang|last7=Lionis|first7=Christos|last8=Dowrick|first8=Chris|last9=O'Reily-de Brún|first9=Mary|last10=de Brun|first10=Tomas|last11=MacFarlane|first11=Anne|title=Communication in cross-cultural consultations in primary care in Europe: the case for improvement. The rationale for the RESTORE FP 7 project|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1D8E7182F900F4995C5B3848C685052D/S1463423613000157a.pdf/communication-in-cross-cultural-consultations-in-primary-care-in-europe-the-case-for-improvement-the-rationale-for-the-restore-fp-7-project.pdf|journal=Primary Health Care Research & Development|via=Cambridge| display-authors=2}}</ref>