Editing DV (video format) (section)

==Variants==
Sony and Panasonic created their proprietary versions of DV aimed toward professional & broadcast users, which use the same compression scheme, but improve on robustness, [[linear video editing|linear editing]] capabilities, color rendition and raster size.

All DV variants except for DVCPRO Progressive are recorded to tape within interlaced video stream. Film-like frame rates are possible by using [[Telecine#Frame rate differences|pulldown]]. DVCPRO&nbsp;HD supports native progressive format when recorded to P2 memory cards.

===DVCPRO===
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| caption2=Diagram of DVCPRO tape track layout
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DVCPRO, also known as DVCPRO25 and D-7, is a variation of DV developed by Panasonic and introduced in 1995, originally intended for use in [[electronic news gathering]] (ENG) equipment.

Unlike baseline DV, DVCPRO uses ''locked audio'', meaning the audio sample clock runs in sync with the video sample clock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holman |first1=Tomlinson |last2=Baum |first2=Arthur |date=June 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAWybhyPmYYC |title=Sound for Digital Video |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781135957094 |via=Google Books |access-date=27 September 2024 }}</ref>  Audio is available in 16-bit/48&nbsp;kHz precision.

When recorded to tape, DVCPRO uses wider track pitch—18 μm vs. 10 μm of baseline DV<ref name="Tozer 2012 p473">{{cite book |editor-last=Tozer |editor-first=E.P.J. |date=12 November 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YDOAwAAQBAJ&dq=dv+9000+rpm&pg=PA473 |title=Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781136024184 |via=Google Books |page=473 }}</ref>—which reduces the chance of dropout errors during recording. Two extra longitudinal tracks provide support for audio cue and for timecode control. Tape is transported 80% faster compared to baseline DV, resulting in shorter recording time. Long Play mode is not available.

====DVCPRO50====
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| caption2=Panasonic AJ-D950 DVCPRO50 VCR
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DVCPRO50 was introduced by Panasonic in 1997 and is often described as two DV codecs working in parallel.

The DVCPRO50 doubles the coded video data rate to 50&nbsp;Mbit/s. This has the effect of cutting total record time of any given storage medium in half. Chroma resolution is improved by using 4:2:2 chroma subsampling.

Following the introduction of the AJ-SDX900 camcorder in 2003, DVCPRO50 was used in many productions where [[high definition video]] was not required. For example, BBC used DVCPRO50 to record high-budget TV series, such as ''[[Space Race (TV series)|Space Race]]'' (2005) and ''[[Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire]]'' (2006).

A similar format, [[Digital-S|D-9 (or Digital-S)]], offered by JVC, uses videocassettes with the same form-factor as [[VHS]].

Comparable high quality standard definition digital tape formats include Sony's [[Betacam#Digital Betacam|Digital Betacam]], introduced in 1993, and [[Betacam#MPEG IMX|MPEG&nbsp;IMX]], introduced in 2000.

====DVCPRO Progressive====
[[File:DVCPRO Progressive logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|DVCPRO Progressive compatibility mark]]

DVCPRO Progressive was introduced by Panasonic alongside DVCPRO50. It offered 480 or 576 lines of progressive scan recording with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling and four 16-bit 48&nbsp;kHz PCM audio channels. Like [[HDV#HDV 720p|HDV-SD]], it was meant as an intermediate format during the transition time from standard definition to high definition video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvformat.com/2001/02_feb/features/panasonic_dvcpro.htm|title=Caporale Studios Shoots Feature Films with Panasonic 480p DVCPRO50 Camcorder|work=dvformat.com|date=7 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://broadcastengineering.com/mag/broadcasting_production_systems_3/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121045442/http://broadcastengineering.com/mag/broadcasting_production_systems_3/|url-status=dead|title=480p production systems|archive-date=21 November 2010}}</ref>

The format offered six modes for recording and playback: 16:9 progressive (50&nbsp;Mbit/s), 4:3 progressive (50&nbsp;Mbit/s), 16:9 interlaced (50&nbsp;Mbit/s), 4:3 interlaced (50&nbsp;Mbit/s), 16:9 interlaced (25&nbsp;Mbit/s), 4:3 interlaced (25&nbsp;Mbit/s).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://service.us.panasonic.com/OPERMANPDF/OM_AJ-PD900.PDF |title=AJ-PD900WP Operating instructions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190621/http://service.us.panasonic.com/OPERMANPDF/OM_AJ-PD900.PDF |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref>

The format was superseded by DVCPRO&nbsp;HD.

====DVCPRO HD====
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| caption2=Panasonic AJ-HDX900 DVCPRO camcorder pictured in 2018
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DVCPRO HD, also known as DVCPRO100 and D-12, is a [[high-definition video]] format that can be thought of as four DV codecs that work in parallel. Video data rate depends on frame rate and can be as low as 40&nbsp;Mbit/s for 24 frame/s mode and as high as 100&nbsp;Mbit/s for 50/60 frame/s modes. Like DVCPRO50, DVCPRO HD employs 4:2:2 color sampling. It was introduced in 2000.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ1xAwAAQBAJ&dq=d5+hd&pg=PA150 |title=A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers |first1=Skip |last1=Pizzi |first2=Graham |last2=Jones |date=24 April 2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781317906834 |via=Google Books }}</ref>

DVCPRO HD uses smaller raster size than broadcast high definition television: 960x720 pixels for 720p, 1280x1080 for 1080/59.94i and 1440x1080 for 1080/50i. Similar horizontal downsampling (using [[pixel aspect ratio|rectangular pixels]]) is used in many other magnetic tape-based HD formats such as [[HDCAM]]. To maintain compatibility with [[HD-SDI]], DVCPRO100 equipment upsamples video during playback.

Variable framerates (from 4 to 60 frame/s) are available on [[Varicam]] camcorders. DVCPRO HD equipment offers [[backward compatibility]] with older DV/DVCPRO formats.

When recorded to tape in standard-play mode, DVCPRO&nbsp;HD uses the same 18 μm track pitch as other DVCPRO flavors. A long play variant, DVCPRO&nbsp;HD-LP, doubles the recording density by using 9 μm track pitch.

DVCPRO&nbsp;HD is codified as SMPTE 370M; the DVCPRO&nbsp;HD tape format is SMPTE 371M, and the MXF Op-Atom format used for DVCPRO&nbsp;HD on P2 cards is SMPTE 390M.

While technically DVCPRO HD is a direct descendant of DV, it is used almost exclusively by professionals. Tape-based DVCPRO&nbsp;HD cameras exist only in shoulder mount variant.

A similar format, [[Digital-S]] (D-9 HD), was offered by JVC and used videocassettes with the same form-factor as [[VHS]].

The main competitor to DVCPRO HD was [[HDCAM]], offered by Sony. It uses a similar compression scheme but at higher bitrate.

=== DVCAM ===
[[File:DVCAM logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|DVCAM compatibility mark]]

In 1996, Sony responded with its own professional version of DV called DVCAM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sony DVCam Family |website=CVP.com |url=https://cvp.com/pdf/sony_dvcam_family.pdf }}</ref>

Like DVCPRO, DVCAM uses locked audio, which prevents audio synchronization drift that may happen on DV if several generations of copies are made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbctraining.com/onlineCourse.asp?tID=5173&cat=2782 |title=BBC Training: DV Tape Formats |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611113327/http://www.bbctraining.com/onlineCourse.asp?tID=5173&cat=2782 |archive-date=11 June 2011 }}</ref>

When recorded to tape, DVCAM uses 15 μm track pitch, which is 50% wider compared to baseline.<ref name="Tozer 2012 p473" /> Accordingly, tape is transported 50% faster, which reduces recording time by one third compared to regular DV. Because of the wider track and track pitch, DVCAM has the ability to do a frame-accurate insert edit, while regular DV may vary by a few frames on each edit compared to the preview.

=== Digital8 ===
{{Main|Digital8}}

Digital8 is a combination of the tape transport originally designed for analog [[Video8]] and [[Hi8]] formats with the DV [[codec]]. Digital8 equipment records in DV format only, but usually can play back Video8 and Hi8 tapes as well.

=== Comparison of DV implementations ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Feature<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/199901/99-001A/ |title=Sony Announces Digital8 Video Format |access-date=12 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techpubs.jurassic.nl/manuals/0640/developer/DIVO_OG/sgi_html/apf.html |title=DV Technology Comparison |access-date=12 September 2022 }}</ref>
! DV
! DVCAM
! DVCPRO
! DVCPRO50
! DIGITAL{{nbh}}S
! Digital8
|-
| Suppliers
| Sony, Panasonic, JVC, Canon, Sharp and others
| Sony, Ikegami
| colspan="2" | Panasonic; also Philips, Ikegami
| JVC
| Sony, Hitachi
|-
| Bit rate (Mbps)
| colspan="3" | 25
| colspan="2" | 50
| 25
|-
| Bit depth
| colspan="6" | luma: 8, chroma: 8
|-
| 525/60 subsampling
| colspan="3" | 4:1:1
| colspan="2" | 4:2:2
| 4:1:1
|-
| 625/50 subsampling
| colspan="2" | 4:2:0
| 4:1:1
| colspan="2" | 4:2:2
| 4:2:0
|-
| 525/60 frame size
| colspan="3" | 720 × 480
| 720 × 487.5
| colspan="2" | 720 × 480
|-
| 625/50 frame size
| colspan="3" | 720 × 576
| 720 × 583.5
| colspan="2" | 720 × 576
|-
| Audio frequency (KHz)
| 32, 44.1, 48
| 32, 48 (44.1 nonpro mode)
| colspan="3" | 48
| 32, 44.1, 48
|-
| Audio mode
| colspan="2" | Locked/unlocked
| colspan="3" | Locked
| Locked/unlocked
|-
| Track pitch (μm)
| 10 (SP), 6.7 (LP)
| 15
| colspan="2" | 18 (plays 10 and 15)
| 20
| 16.34
|-
| Tape speed (mm/s)
| 18.8
| 29.193
| 33.8
| 525: 67.640, 625: 67.708
| 57.737
| 28.666
|-
| Tracks per frame
| colspan="3" | 525: 10, 625: 12
| 525: 20, 625: 24
| ?
| 25
|}