Editing Dagesh (section)

== Rafe ==
In Masoretic manuscripts the opposite of a {{lang|he-Latn|dagesh}} would be indicated by a {{lang|he-Latn|[[rafe]]}}, a small line on top of the letter. This is no longer found in Hebrew, but may still sometimes be seen in [[Yiddish]] and [[Ladino language|Ladino]].
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==Pronunciation of modern Israeli Hebrew==
{{Further|[[Hebrew language]]}}

Below is a complete list of Hebrew letters which may take a dagesh, and their pronunciation as consonants in modern Israeli Hebrew:

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Character !! Name !! Pronunciation
|-
| align=center | א ||  ''alef'' || silent (traditionally, {{IPA|[ʔ]}} when before a vowel)
|-
| align=center | בּ  ||  ''bet'' || [b]
|-
| align=center | ב ||  ''vet'' || [v] ([b] among Egyptian Jews)
|-
| align=center | גּ  ||  ''gimel'' || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} ({{IPA|[dʒ]}} among some Teimanim)
|-
| align=center | ג ||  ''ghimel'' || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} ({{IPA|[ɣ]}} among [[Yemenite Jew|Teimanim]], [[Mizrahi Jew|Mizrachim]] and some [[Sephardi]]m)
|-
| align=center | ’ג ||  ''jimel'' || {{IPA|[dʒ]}} (used only in [[loanword]]s)
|-
| align=center | דּ  || ''dalet'' || [d]
|-
| align=center | ד || ''dhalet'' || [d] ([ð] among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim)
|-
| align=center | ה ||  ''he'' || [h], silent in word-final position
|-
| align=center | ו || ''vav'' || [v] ([w] among Teimanim and some Mizrahim)
|-
| align=center | ז || ''zayin'' || [z]
|-
| align=center | ’ז || ''zhayin'' || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} (used only in loanwords)
|-
| align=center | ח || ''khet'' || {{IPA|[χ]}} ({{IPA|ħ}} among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
|-
| align=center | ט || ''tet'' || [t] ({{IPA|[t̴]}} among Teimanim)
|-
| align=center | י || ''yod'' || [j]
|-
| align=center | כּ || ''kaf'' || [k]
|-
| align=center | ךּ  || ''final kaf'' || [k]
|-
| align=center | כ || ''khaf'' || [χ]
|-
| align=center | ך || ''final khaf'' || [χ]
|-
| align=center | ל || ''lamed'' || [l]
|-
| align=center | מ || ''mem'' || [m]
|-
| align=center | ם || ''final mem'' || [m]
|-
| align=center | נ || ''nun'' || [n]
|-
| align=center | ן || ''final nun'' || [n]
|-
| align=center | ס || ''samekh'' || [s]
|-
| align=center | ע || ''ayin'' || silent, like א ({{IPA|[ʕ]}} among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
|-
| align=center | פּ || ''pe'' || [p]
|-
| align=center | פ || ''fe'' || [f]
|-
| align=center | ף || ''final fe'' || [f]
|-
| align=center | צ || ''tsadi'' || {{IPA|[ts]}}
|-
| align=center | ץ || ''final tsadi'' || {{IPA|[ts]}}
|-
| align=center | ’צ || ''tshadi'' || {{IPA|[tʃ]}} (used only in loanwords) <br> and {{IPA|[dˤ]}} (used to indicate the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letter {{unicode|[[Ḍād]]}} ض) 
|-
| align=center | ק || ''kuf'' || {{IPA|[k]}} (pronounced {{IPA|[q]}} by many Israelis as well as speakers <br> hailing from the Arab world, {{IPA|[ɡ]}} by some Teimanim) 
|-
| align=center | ר || ''resh'' || {{IPA|[ʁ]}} ({{IPA|[r]}} among Oriental Hebrew speakers)  
|-
| align=center | שׁ || ''shin'' || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} 
|-
| align=center | שׂ || ''sin'' || [s] 
|-
| align=center | תּ || ''tav'' || [t] 
|-
| align=center | ת || ''thav'' || {{IPA|[t]}} ({{IPA|[θ]}} among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim, <br> [s] by some Ashkenazim) 
|}

Dagesh and [[mappiq]] symbols, the dots in otherwise identical letters, are often omitted in writing.  For instance, בּ is often written as ב.  The use or omission of such marks is usually consistent throughout any given context.

===Matres lectionis===
{{further|[[Mater lectionis]]}}

The letters {{Script/Hebrew|א}} ''alef'', {{Script/Hebrew|ה}} ''he'', {{Script/Hebrew|ו}} ''vav'' and {{Script/Hebrew|י}} ''yod'' are consonants that can sometimes have the value of vowels. ''Vav'' and ''yod'' in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.

:{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Symbol!!Name!!Vowel formation
|-
| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|א
|| alef  
|| ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
|-
| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|ה
|| he
|| ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
|-
| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|ו
|| vav
||  ô, û
|-
| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|י
|| yod 
|| î, ê, ệ
|}

===Loanwords===
The sounds /tʃ, dʒ, ʒ/, written 'ז' , ג' , צ, are found in many loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary, even among people who don't know the source languages.  In addition, there are ways of writing some sounds in words that are truly foreign, not part of Israeli Hebrew:

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! colspan=6 | Everyday Colloquial Hebrew
|-
!! colspan=1 | Name
!! colspan=1 | Symbol
!! colspan=1 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!! colspan=1 | [[Transliteration]]
!! colspan=1 | Example
! Letter
|-
| Jimel
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ג</span>}}  
| align="center" | {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| align="center" | j
| align="center" | '''j'''ump
| align="center" | J
|-
| Zhayin
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ז</span>}}  
| align="center" | {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
| align="center" | varies
| align="center" | vi'''si'''on, A'''si'''a 
| align="center" | ''see examples''
|-
| Tshadi
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’צ</span>}}  
| align="center" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| align="center" | ch
| align="center" | '''ch'''annel
| align="center" | "ch"
|-
| Double Vav
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">וו</span>}}  
| align="center" | {{IPA|/w/}}
| align="center" | w
| align="center" | '''w'''ing
| align="center" | W
|-
!! colspan=6 | Foreign Sounding Loanwords
|-
| Dhal
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ד</span>}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|/ð/}}
| align="center" | th
| align="center" | '''th'''en
| align="center" | "th", Ḏāl (ذ)
|-
| Kha
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ח</span>}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|/χ/}}
| align="center" colspan=2 | ''Arabic''
| align="center" | [[Ḫāʼ]] (خ)
|-
| Za
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ט</span>}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}
| align="center" colspan=2 | ''Arabic''
| align="center" | [[Ẓāʼ]] (ظ)
|-
| Ghayin
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ע</span>}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|/ʁ/}}
| align="center" colspan=2 | ''Arabic''
| align="center" | [[Ġayn]] (غ)
|-
| Tshadi
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’צ</span>}}  
| align="center" | {{IPA|/dˤ/}}
| align="center" colspan=2 | ''Arabic''
| align="center" | [[Ḍād]] (ض)
|-
| Thav
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">’ת</span>}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|/θ/}}
| align="center" | th
| align="center" | '''th'''ing
| align="center" | "th", [[Ṯāʼ]] (ث)
|-
|}

===Pronunciation===
In [[Israel]]'s general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter
! with
!! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">א</span>}}<br>''alef''
| align=center | <small>''with (varyingly)''</small>
| align=center colspan=3 | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ה</span>}} <br>''hey''
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ב</span>}}<br>''vet''
| align=center | <small>''(without ''dagesh'') with''</small>
| align=center colspan=3 | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ו</span>}}<br>''vav''
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ח</span>}}<br>''het''
| align=center |  <small>''with (without ''dagesh'')''</small>
| align=center colspan=3 | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">כ</span>}}<br>''kaf''
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ט</span>}}<br>''tet''
| align=center |<small>''with''</small>
| align=center colspan=3 |{{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ת</span>}}<br>''tav''
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">כּ</span>}}<br>''kaf''
| align=center |<small>''(with ''dagesh'') with''</small>
| align=center  colspan=3 |{{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ק</span>}}<br>''qof''  
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ס</span>}}<br>''samech''
| align=center | <small>''with''</small>
| align=center colspan=3 | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׂ</span>}}<br>''sin (with left dot)''
|-
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">צ</span>}}<br>''tzadi''
| align=center | <small>''(varyingly) with the consonant cluster''</small>
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">תס</span>}}<br>''tav-semech''
| align=center | <small>''and''</small>
| align=center | {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">תשׂ</span>}}<br>''tav-sin''
|-
|}
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