Editing Deep frying (section)

==Dishes, foods, and culture==
{{main|List of deep fried foods}}
{{See also|List of fried dough foods|List of Thai dishes#Deep-fried dishes}}
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
Deep-fried foods are common in many countries, and have also been described as "a staple of almost all [[Street food|street cuisines]] on all continents".<ref name="Ashkenazi Jacob 2013 p. 90">{{cite book | last1=Ashkenazi | first1=M. | last2=Jacob | first2=J. | title=The Essence of Japanese Cuisine: An Essay on Food and Culture | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-81549-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSZTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 | page=90}}</ref> There are hundreds of dishes that are associated with deep frying as most foods can be deep-fried. Examples of food that can be deep-fried include meat, poultry, fish and vegetables.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cookeryonline.com/Topics/Deep%20Frying.html|title=Deep frying|publisher=Cookingonline.com}} Retrieved on 18 May 2015.</ref> [[Fish and chips]], for instance, combines deep-fried fish and deep-fried [[potatoes]]. French fries, [[doughnut]]s, [[onion ring]]s, and [[hushpuppies]] are common deep-fried foods.<ref name="Taylor 2013 p. 4">{{cite book | last=Taylor | first=J.M. | title=Deep-Fried Goodness | publisher=Workman Publishing Company | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-7611-7973-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqGU799I8rQC&pg=PT4}}</ref> Other common deep-fried foods include Chinese ''you Bing'' deep-fried [[Chinese pancakes|pancakes]],<ref name="AngLiu1999">{{cite book|author1=Catharina Y.W. Ang|author2=Keshun Liu|author3=Yao-Wen Huang|title=Asian Foods: Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC&pg=PA94|date=5 April 1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-56676-736-1|page=94}}</ref> Southeast Asian ''[[jin deui]]'', and Japanese tempura. Less common deep-fried foods include [[maple leaves]],<ref name="Fantozzi 2014"/> [[peanut butter and jelly sandwich]]es,<ref name="Smith 2013 p. 351">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=A.F. | title=Food and Drink in American History: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-61069-233-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7gxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA351 | page=351}}</ref> [[Deep fried pizza|pizza]],<ref name="Guides 2012 p. 96">{{cite book | last=Guides | first=R. | title=Make the Most of Your Time in Britain | publisher=Rough Guides | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4053-8861-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlWK_C8In9gC&pg=PA96| page=96}}</ref> Mars and [[Snickers]] bars.<ref name="Kaercher Stefko 2006 p. 52">{{cite book | last1=Kaercher | first1=D. | last2=Stefko | first2=B. | title=Taste of the Midwest: 12 States, 101 Recipes, 150 Meals, 8,207 Miles and Millions of Memories | publisher=Globe Pequot Press | series=Best of the Midwest book series | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7627-4072-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCfA41FNXdEC&pg=PA52 | page=52 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the United States, the ''Chicago Tribune'' notes that "you can deep fry almost anything".<ref name="Chicago Tribune Deep Fry Almost Anything 2015 TAFI">{{cite web | title=Photos: 75 deep fried foods | website=Chicago Tribune | date=21 January 2015 | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/dining/recipes/sns-viral-fried-pictures-photogallery.html | access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> The American South has been noted as a modern center of innovation in the area of deep-fried food. According to the owner of a deep frying restaurant in the South, "If something is edible, you can bet that someone south of the [[Mason-Dixon line]] has tried to cook it in oil".<ref name=bluecollarculture />

<gallery mode="packed" caption="" widths="130px" heights="150px">
File:Friescookingbigrest.jpeg|alt=A row of five deep fryers, all steaming and filled with baskets of French fries.|[[French fries]] being cooked in a row of deep fryers
File:Deep frying chicken upper wing.JPG|alt=Battered chicken legs in bubbling oil.|Deep-frying chicken in a pan
File:DeepFriedTurkey.jpg|alt=A whole turkey, browned on the outside, on a metal stand.|A [[Turkey fryer|deep-fried turkey]]
File:Fried Swordfish collar.jpg|Deep-fried [[swordfish]] collar
File:Fried calamari.jpg|alt=Pale breaded rings on a plate.|Breaded, deep-fried [[calamari]]
File:Fried pork intestines.jpg|alt=Skewers with rings of pork intestine|Deep fried [[chitterlings]]
</gallery>

===Africa===
In Northern Africa, deep-fried dishes are a part of the cuisine.<ref name="Heine 2004 p. 92">{{cite book | last=Heine | first=P. | title=Food Culture in the Near East, Middle East, and North Africa | publisher=Greenwood Press | series=Food culture around the world | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-313-32956-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jE5k5qeKbgC&pg=PA92 | page=92}}</ref> A common food in this region is the deep-fried [[fritter]], also referred to as "sponges".<ref name="Heine 2004 p. 92"/> In East Africa deep fried food is common, cooked in cast iron or earthenware pots.  Frying in batter is common. A Ugandan specialty is a kind of doughnut called Mandazi.  In areas of Southern Africa, street foods include deep-fried potato and cassava chips.<ref name="Murphy Armstrong Bainbridge Firestone 2010 p. 45">{{cite book | last1=Murphy | first1=A. | last2=Armstrong | first2=K. | last3=Bainbridge | first3=J. | last4=Firestone | first4=M.D. | title=Lonely Planet Southern Africa | publisher=Lonely Planet | series=Country Regional Guides | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74059-545-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740595452 | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740595452/page/45 45]}}</ref> Deep-fried foods in the country of South Africa include fish and chips, ''[[vetkoek]]'' and ''[[koeksister]]s'',<ref name="Albala 2011 p. 177">{{cite book | last=Albala | first=K. | title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia: &#91;Four Volumes&#93; | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-313-37627-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA177 | pages=177–178}}</ref> among others.

===Asia===
[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|thumb|225px|Deep-fried insects for human consumption sold at food stall in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]|alt=Large baskets of insects and scorpions at a market.]]
Japanese [[tempura]] is a popular deep-fried food<ref name="Solomon 2006 p. 464">{{cite book | last=Solomon | first=C. | title=The Complete Asian Cookbook | publisher=Tuttle Publishing | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8048-3757-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mdfacqx2UaQC&pg=PA464| page=464}}</ref> that generally consists of battered and fried seafood and vegetables. Japanese deep-fried dishes, or [[List of Japanese dishes#Deep-fried dishes .28agemono.2C .E6.8F.9A.E3.81.92.E7.89.A9.29|Agemono]], include other styles besides tempura, such as [[Karaage]], [[Korokke]], [[Kushikatsu]], and [[Tonkatsu]].<!--There are no references for this sentence because there are just links-->

In areas of [[Southeast Asia]] such as Thailand, [[Insects as food|insects]] are commonly deep-fried for human consumption.<ref>Newman, Judith. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/20/garden/what-is-fried-and-has-six-legs-welcome-to-insect-cuisine.html?pagewanted=1 ''What is fried and has six legs? Welcome to Insect Cuisine''.] ''The New York Times''. 20 May 1992. Retrieved 23 May 2015.</ref> Western-style fast food items such as donuts, deep-fried chicken, and deep-fried potatoes are also becoming popular in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seubsman|first1=Sam-ang|last2=Kelly|first2=Matthew|last3=Pataraporn|first3=Yuthapornpinit|last4=Sleigh|first4=Adrian|title=Cultural resistance to fast-food consumption? A study of youth in North Eastern Thailand|journal=International Journal of Consumer Studies| pmc=3086925 |pmid=21547247|doi=10.1111/j.1470-6431.2009.00795.x|volume=33|date=Nov 2009|issue=6|pages=669–675}}</ref>

In [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]] deep fried food is quite common, serving as either a main dish or a snack. The ingredients are usually deep fried in [[palm oil]], the most widely used cooking oil in the country. Some popular deep fried foods include ''[[ayam goreng]]'' (chicken), ''[[pecel lele]]'' (catfish), ''[[pempek]]'' (fishcake) and [[tempeh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Most Popular Indonesian Deep-fried Dishes |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-deep-fried-dishes-in-indonesia |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Fritters in Indonesia is generally identified as ''[[gorengan]]'', the most popular one including ''[[pisang goreng]]'' (banana fritter), ''[[Corn fritter|bakwan jagung]]'' (corn) and ''[[tahu goreng]]'' (tofu).

Deep-fried fish, [[tofu]], and ''{{lang|vi|[[chả giò]]}}'' are commonly eaten in [[Vietnamese cuisine]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Into the Vietnamese Kitchen: Treasured Foodways, Modern Flavors|first=Andrea|last=Nguyen|publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony|date=1 June 2011|page=513|isbn=978-1607741411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdbTHVWsxlsC&pg=PT513}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos & the Greater Mekong|first1=Nick|last1=Ray|first2=Tim|last2=Bewer|first3=Andrew|last3=Burke| first4=Thomas|last4=Huhti|first5=Siradeth |last5=Seng|year=2007|page=90|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781741047615|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i1zYNbcgwsC&pg=PA90}}</ref> Deep frying is also used to make several kinds of ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh]]}}'', including ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh rán]]}}'' (fried rice ball), ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh cam]]}}'' (sesame ball), ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh tiêu]]}}'' (hollow doughnut), ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh rế]]}}'' (sweet potato pancake), ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh chuối]] chiên}}'' (banana fritter), [[West Lake (Hanoi)|Hồ Tây]]–style ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh tôm]]}}'' (shrimp fritter), and ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh gối]]}}'' (pillow cake).

Deep-fried sticks of dough, known as [[youtiao]] in Chinese, are eaten in many East and Southeast Asian cuisines.

In Hong Kong, [[cmn:豬大腸|deep-fried intestine of pigs]] is a popular food.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong's best street food essentials|url=https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/restaurants/hong-kong-street-food-essentials|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Time Out Hong Kong|language=en}}</ref>

In [[South Asia]], popular deep fried snacks are [[samosa]], [[jalebi]], and [[pakora]].

===Europe===
Many countries such as the [[United Kingdom]] use pure or [[Hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] [[rapeseed oil]] for deep-frying.<ref name="Rossell 2001 p. 31">{{cite book |last=Rossell |first=J.B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiUZIJ0LQmkC&pg=PA31 |title=Frying: Improving Quality |publisher=CRC Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85573-556-9 |series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition |page=31}}</ref>  [[Fish and chips]] is a very popular deep-fried dish in England since it originated in London in the 19th century and became popular among the working class. Its popularity continues with 229 million portions of fish and chips being sold annually in England.<ref name="bbcfish">{{cite news |last1=Zaino |first1=Caitlin |date=19 April 2013 |title=Chipping away at the history of fish and chips |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130409-chipping-away-at-the-history-of-fish-and-chips |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>

There is an annual trade fair devoted to deep-fried foods called the International Symposium on Deep-Fat Frying which features discussions on deep fat frying as well as exhibitions by companies involved with the process.<ref>{{cite web|title=8th International Symposium on Deep Frying Better understanding, better fried products 15–17 September 2015, Munich, Germany |url=http://www.eurofedlipid.org/meetings/munich2015/ |website=eurofedlipid.org |publisher=Euro Fed Lipid |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615183405/http://www.eurofedlipid.org/meetings/munich2015/ |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

Belgian tradition requires [[French fries]] to be deep-fried in filtered fat of [[cattle]], locally called ''blanc de boeuf'' or ''ossewit''.

The Mediterranean diets traditionally use olive oil for deep-frying, which it is absorbed by the food in the process. Research indicates that [[virgin olive oil]] is unique among other cooking oils because it is very rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and contains beneficial micronutrients.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643806001927 | doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2006.07.003 | title=Retention and distribution of natural antioxidants (α-tocopherol, polyphenols and terpenic acids) after shallow frying of vegetables in virgin olive oil | year=2007 | last1=Kalogeropoulos | first1=Nick | last2=Mylona | first2=Anastasia | last3=Chiou | first3=Antonia | last4=Ioannou | first4=Maria S. | last5=Andrikopoulos | first5=Nikolaos K. | journal=LWT - Food Science and Technology | volume=40 | issue=6 | pages=1008–1017 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[deep-fried Mars bar]] originated in Scotland,<ref name="NHS Choices 2014">{{cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Deep-fried Mars bars: no link with sudden stroke&nbsp;– Health News |url=http://www.nhs.uk/news/2014/09September/Pages/Deep-fried-Mars-bars-unhealthy-but-no-killer.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524175205/http://www.nhs.uk/news/2014/09September/Pages/Deep-fried-Mars-bars-unhealthy-but-no-killer.aspx |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015 |website=NHS Choices}}</ref> with The Carron Fish Bar in Stonehaven claiming to have invented it in the early 1990s.<ref name="BBC News 2012">{{cite news |date=5 September 2012 |title=Deep-fried Mars bars disowned by chocolate firm |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19487149 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>

===North America===
In the United States, [[soybean oil]] is often used for deep-frying.<ref name="Rossell 2001 p. 31"/> [[Beignet]]s, originally a French dish, are a popular deep-fried pastry in the U.S. city of [[New Orleans]]. Deep-fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep-fried foods. The owner of one such restaurant has said of deep-fried food that "in the South it's a way of life".<ref name=bluecollarculture /> Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep-fried food in North America.

Novelty deep-fried foods are popular today in American [[fairs]], especially those in the American South.<ref name=bluecollarculture>{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|title=Blue-Collar Pop Culture: From NASCAR to Jersey Shore|date=9 March 2012|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0313391989|page=253|edition=Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2BwllvrlxsC&pg=RA1-PA253|access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Hundreds of items are served at these fairs. Some of them include deep-fried beer, butter, and bubblegum. Additionally, deep frying can be used as a form of artwork by frying non-edible objects, such as [[electronics]].<ref name="Smith 2012">{{cite web | last=Smith | first=Kevin | title=What Happens When You Deep Fry An iPad? | website=Business Insider | date=4 June 2012 | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/deep-fried-gadgets-2012-6 | access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> Artists such as Henry Hargreaves have deep-fried replicas of electronic items such as [[iPad]]s, [[Game Boy]]s, and [[laptops]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Deep-Fried Gadgets: Artist Henry Hargreaves Deep-Fries (Fake) iPad, iPhone And More|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/06/deep-fried-gadgets-henry-hargreaves_n_1568935.html|access-date=24 May 2015|work=The Huffington Post|date=4 June 2012}}</ref>

Deep-fried food contests are frequently held at fairs such as the [[Texas State Fair]], where they hold an annual contest for the most creative deep-fried food.<ref name=mentalfloss>{{cite web|last1=Gamble|first1=Cole|title=25 Deep-Fried Foods From the Texas State Fair|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/31488/25-deep-fried-foods-texas-state-fair|website=mentalfloss.com|date=5 September 2012|publisher=Mental Floss|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> Notable past winners have included [[fried Coke]] and [[deep-fried butter]], both invented by [[Abel Gonzales]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Come fry with me|url=http://www.economist.com/node/14587405|access-date=20 May 2015|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 October 2009}}</ref> Since 2013, an American reality competition show called ''deep-fried Masters'', produced by [[Discovery Networks]], holds deep frying competitions at several state fairs across the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deep Fried Masters |url=http://press.discovery.com/us/da/programs/deep-fried-masters/ |access-date=23 May 2015 |publisher=Discovery Networks |date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614035311/http://press.discovery.com/us/da/programs/deep-fried-masters/ |archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

===Oceania===
[[Fish and chip shop|Fish and chip]] shops in Australia may purvey several types of deep-fried foods, along with other food types.<ref name="Lang 2010 p. 521">{{cite book | last=Lang | first=L.B. | title=Australia | publisher=Dorling Kindersley | series=Eyewitness travel guides | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-7566-6082-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGb1I4Br8EYC&pg=PA521 | access-date=23 May 2015 | page=521}}</ref>

===South America===
[[File:Buñuelos.JPG|thumb|225px|[[Buñuelo]]s|alt=Fried balls of dough in a basket.]]
The [[buñuelo]], a fried dough ball popular in Central America and Greece, is a popular deep-fried [[Snack food|snack]] and street food in South America.<ref name="Ashkenazi Jacob 2013 p. 90"/> [[Picarones|Picarone]], a Peruvian dessert originated in the colonial period, are deep-fried doughs made with pumpkin and sweet potatoes, popular in Peru and Chile, especially during harvest festivals.,<ref name="Castella2012"/> a family of deep fried cakes is well known across, [[sopaipillas]] a Chilean bread are deep fried  in oil or butter also made with pumpkin, Chancay a Peruvian bread made of flour, salt and [[yeast]], known as [[chipá]] cuerito in Paraguay and [[Torta frita]] in [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]], made of flour, salt and yeast, sometimes addition with milk and [[cow fat|animal fat]] and fried in  cow fat, the [[churro]], a fried dough popular in [[Spain]] is a popular fried snack and street food in Argentina and Uruguay, [[milanesa]] a deep fried breaded [[veal]] [[beef]] from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.