Editing Defensive wall (section)

=== Southeast Asia ===
The concept of a city fully enclosed by walls was not fully developed in Southeast Asia until the arrival of Europeans. However, Burma serves an exception, as they had a longer tradition of fortified walled towns; towns in Burma had city walls by 1566. Besides that, Rangoon in 1755 had [[stockade]]s made of teak logs on a ground [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]]. The city was fortified with six city gates with each gate flanked by massive brick towers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hla |first=U Kan |date=1978 |title=Traditional Town Planning in Burma |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/989177 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=92, 97–98 |doi=10.2307/989177 |jstor=989177 |issn=0037-9808|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/southeast-asia-in-the-age-of-commerce-14501680-vol-2-expansion-and-crisis-by-anthony-reid-new-haven-yale-university-press-1993-pp-xv-390-3500/709C678C7199F0BE5CE66144B313B500 |title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680. Vol. 2: Expansion and Crisis |journal=The Journal of Economic History |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1993 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=78, 84, 86–88|doi=10.1017/S0022050700015679 |s2cid=154715462 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In other areas of Southeast Asia, city walls spread in the 16th and 17th century along with the rapid growth of cities in this period as a need to defend against European naval attack. [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] built its walls in 1550 and [[Banten (town)|Banten]], [[Jepara]], [[Tuban]] and [[Surabaya]] all had theirs by 1600; while [[Makassar]] had theirs by 1634. A sea wall was the main defense for [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]]. For cities that did not have city walls, the least it would have had was a stockaded [[citadel]]. This wooden walled area housed the royal citadel or aristocratic compounds such as in [[Surakarta]] and [[Banda Aceh|Aceh]].<ref name=":0" />