Editing Degenerate matter (section)

=== Electron degeneracy ===
{{Main|Electron degeneracy pressure|White dwarf}}
In an ordinary fermion gas in which thermal effects dominate, most of the available electron energy levels are unfilled and the electrons are free to move to these states. As particle density is increased, electrons progressively fill the lower energy states and additional electrons are forced to occupy states of higher energy even at low temperatures. Degenerate gases strongly resist further compression because the electrons cannot move to already filled lower energy levels due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Since electrons cannot give up energy by moving to lower energy states, no thermal energy can be extracted. The momentum of the fermions in the fermion gas nevertheless generates pressure, termed "degeneracy pressure".

Under high densities, matter becomes a degenerate gas when all electrons are stripped from their parent atoms. The core of a star, once hydrogen burning [[nuclear fusion]] reactions stops, becomes a collection of positively charged [[ion]]s, largely helium and carbon nuclei, floating in a sea of electrons, which have been stripped from the nuclei. Degenerate gas is an almost perfect conductor of heat and does not obey ordinary gas laws. [[White dwarf]]s are luminous not because they are generating energy but rather because they have trapped a large amount of heat which is gradually radiated away. Normal gas exerts higher pressure when it is heated and expands, but the pressure in a degenerate gas does not depend on the temperature. When gas becomes super-compressed, particles position right up against each other to produce degenerate gas that behaves more like a solid. In degenerate gases the [[kinetic energy|kinetic energies]] of electrons are quite high and the rate of collision between electrons and other particles is quite low, therefore degenerate electrons can travel great distances at velocities that approach the speed of light. Instead of temperature, the pressure in a degenerate gas depends only on the speed of the degenerate particles; however, adding heat does not increase the speed of most of the electrons, because they are stuck in fully occupied quantum states. Pressure is increased only by the mass of the particles, which increases the gravitational force pulling the particles closer together. Therefore, the phenomenon is the opposite of that normally found in matter where if the mass of the matter is increased, the object becomes bigger. In degenerate gas, when the mass is increased,  the particles become spaced closer together due to gravity (and the pressure is increased), so the object becomes smaller. Degenerate gas can be compressed to very high densities, typical values being in the range of 10,000 kilograms per cubic centimeter.

There is an upper limit to the mass of an electron-degenerate object, the [[Chandrasekhar limit]], beyond which [[electron degeneracy pressure]] cannot support the object against collapse. The limit is approximately 1.44<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/Chandrasekhar-limit |encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Britannica|title = Chandrasekhar limit}}</ref> [[solar mass]]es for objects with typical compositions expected for white dwarf stars (carbon and oxygen with two baryons per electron). This mass cut-off is appropriate only for a star supported by ideal electron degeneracy pressure under Newtonian gravity; in [[general relativity]] and with realistic Coulomb corrections, the corresponding mass limit is around 1.38 solar masses.<ref>{{cite journal | arxiv=1012.0154 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.84.084007 | title=Relativistic Feynman-Metropolis-Teller theory for white dwarfs in general relativity | year=2011 | last1=Rotondo | first1=Michael | last2=Rueda | first2=Jorge A. | last3=Ruffini | first3=Remo | last4=Xue | first4=She-Sheng | journal=Physical Review D | volume=84 | issue=8 | page=084007 | bibcode=2011PhRvD..84h4007R | s2cid=119120610 }}</ref> The limit may also change with the chemical composition of the object, as it affects the ratio of mass to number of electrons present. The object's rotation, which counteracts the gravitational force, also changes the limit for any particular object. Celestial objects below this limit are [[white dwarf]] stars, formed by the gradual shrinking of the cores of [[star]]s that run out of fuel. During this shrinking, an electron-degenerate gas forms in the core, providing sufficient degeneracy pressure as it is compressed to resist further collapse. Above this mass limit, a [[neutron star]] (primarily supported by neutron degeneracy pressure) or a [[black hole]] may be formed instead.