Editing Democratic-Republican Party (section)

===Jefferson's presidency, 1801–1809===
{{Further|Presidency of Thomas Jefferson}}
[[File:Louisiana Purchase.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803 totaled {{convert|827,987|lk=in|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}}, doubling the size of the United States.]]
Despite the intensity of the 1800 election, the transition of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans was peaceful.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=99–100}} In his inaugural address, Jefferson indicated that he would seek to reverse many Federalist policies, but he also emphasized reconciliation, noting that "every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle".{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=95–97}} He appointed a geographically balanced and ideologically moderate Cabinet that included Madison as Secretary of State and [[Albert Gallatin]] as Secretary of the Treasury; Federalists were excluded from the Cabinet, but Jefferson appointed some prominent Federalists and allowed many other Federalists to keep their positions.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=101–102}} Gallatin persuaded Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States, a major part of the Hamiltonian program, but other Federalist policies were scrapped.{{sfnp|Wood|2009|pp=291–296}} Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican allies eliminated the whiskey excise and other taxes,<ref>[[#Bailey2007|Bailey, 2007]], p. 216.</ref> shrank the army and the navy,<ref>[[#Chernow04|Chernow, 2004]], p. 671.</ref> repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and pardoned all ten individuals who had been prosecuted under the acts.{{sfnp|McDonald|1976|pp=41–42}}

With the repeal of Federalist laws and programs, many Americans had little contact with the federal government in their daily lives, with the exception of the [[United States Postal Service|postal service]].{{sfnp|Wood|2009|p=293}} Partly as a result of these spending cuts, Jefferson lowered the national debt from $83 million to $57 million between 1801 and 1809.<ref name="Meacham387">[[#Meacham|Meacham, 2012]], p. 387.</ref> Though he was largely able to reverse Federalist policies, Federalists retained a bastion of power on the Supreme Court; [[Marshall Court]] rulings continued to reflect Federalist ideals until Chief Justice Marshall's death in the 1830s.<ref name="Appleby6569">Appleby, 2003, pp. 65–69</ref> In the Supreme Court case of ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', the Marshall Court established the power of [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review]], through which the [[Federal judiciary of the United States|judicial branch]] had the final word on the constitutionality of federal laws.<ref name="Appleby, 2003, pp. 7–8, 61–63">Appleby, 2003, pp. 7–8, 61–63</ref>

[[File:Albert Gallatin, by Rembrandt Peale, from life, 1805.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Albert Gallatin]] served as Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Jefferson and Madison.]]

By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the [[Mississippi River]].{{sfnp|Wood|2009|pp=357–359}} Many in the United States, particularly those in the west, favored further territorial expansion, and especially hoped to annex the Spanish province of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Louisiana]].{{sfnp|Appleby|2003|pp=63–64}} In early 1803, Jefferson dispatched [[James Monroe]] to France to join ambassador [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]] on a diplomatic mission to purchase New Orleans.{{sfnp|Nugent|2008|pp=61–62}} To the surprise of the American delegation, Napoleon offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|p=108}} After Secretary of State James Madison gave his assurances that the purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution, the [[United States Senate|Senate]] quickly ratified the treaty, and the House immediately authorized funding.<ref name="Rodriguez97">[[#Rodriguez|Rodriguez, 2002]], p. 97.</ref> The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States, and Treasury Secretary Gallatin was forced to borrow from foreign banks to finance the payment to France.{{sfnp|Appleby|2003|pp=64–65}} Though the Louisiana Purchase was widely popular, some Federalists criticized it; Congressman [[Fisher Ames]] argued that "We are to spend money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much."{{sfnp|Wood|2009|pp=369–370}}

By 1804, Vice President Burr had thoroughly alienated Jefferson, and the Democratic-Republican presidential nominating caucus chose George Clinton as Jefferson's running mate for the [[1804 United States presidential election|1804 presidential election]]. That same year, Burr challenged Hamilton to a [[Burr–Hamilton duel|duel]] after taking offense to a comment allegedly made by Hamilton; Hamilton died in the subsequent duel. Bolstered by a superior party organization, Jefferson won the 1804 election in a landslide over Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=115–116}} In 1807, as the [[Napoleonic Wars]] continued, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] announced the [[Orders in Council (1807)|Orders in Council]], which called for a blockade on French-controlled ports.{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|p=12}} In response to subsequent British and French searches of American shipping, the Jefferson administration passed the [[Embargo Act of 1807]], which cut off American trade with Europe.{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|p=13}} The embargo proved unpopular and difficult to enforce, especially in Federalist-leaning [[New England]], and expired at the end of Jefferson's second term.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=130–134}} Jefferson declined to seek a third term in the [[1808 United States presidential election|1808 presidential election]], but helped Madison triumph over George Clinton and James Monroe at the party's congressional nominating caucus. Madison won the general election in a landslide over Pinckney.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=134–135}}