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== Letters == The [[collating sequence|letter order]] of Devanāgarī, like nearly all Brāhmic scripts, is based on [[phonetics|phonetic]] principles that consider both the [[manner of articulation|manner]] and [[place of articulation]] of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to as the {{IAST|varṇamālā}} ("[[garland]] of letters").<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=71}}</ref> The format of Devanāgarī for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages.<ref name="Salomon 2003 75">{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=75}}</ref> === Vowels === The vowels and their arrangement are:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|pp=13, 14}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center;" |- ! | rowspan="10" | ! Independent form ! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] ! [[ISO 15919|ISO]] ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! As diacritic with {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} ([[#Barakhadi|Barakhadi]]) | rowspan="10" | ! Independent form ! IAST ! ISO ! IPA ! As diacritic with {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} (Barakhadi) |- !''{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}''<br />([[Guttural]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|a}} | {{IPAblink|ɐ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|प}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|आ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|ā}} | {{IPAblink|äː|aː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पा}} |- !''{{IAST|tālavya}}''<br />([[Palatal]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|इ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|i}} | {{IPAblink|i}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पि}} <!--When you input [p] [i], you should see [i] [p] as the correct result. If not, that means your computer does not support Indic script. Please do not swap.--> | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ई}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|ī}} | {{IPAblink|iː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पी}} |- !{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}<br />([[Labial consonant|Labial]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|उ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|u}} | {{IPAblink|u}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पु}}<small> <sup>6</sup></small> | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऊ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|ū}} | {{IPAblink|uː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पू}}<small> <sup>6</sup></small> |- !''{{IAST|mūrdhanya}}''<br />([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऋ}} | {{IAST|ṛ}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|r̥}} | {{IPAblink|r̩}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पृ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ}}<small> <sup>4</sup></small> | {{IAST|ṝ}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|r̥̄}} | {{IPAblink|r̩ː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॄ}} |- !{{IAST|dantya}}<br />([[Dental consonant|Dental]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऌ}}<small> <sup>4</sup></small> | {{IAST|ḷ}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|l̥}} | {{IPAblink|l̩}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॢ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ॡ}}<small> <sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup></small> | {{IAST|ḹ}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|l̥̄}} | {{IPAblink|l̩ː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॣ}} |- !''{{IAST|kaṇṭhatālavya}}''<br />(Palatoguttural) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ए}} | {{IAST|e}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ē}} | {{IPAblink|eː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पे}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऐ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|ai}} | {{IPA|[aːɪ]}} (in Hindi: {{IPAblink|ɛː}}) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पै}} |- !''{{IAST|kaṇṭhoṣṭhya}}''<br />(Labioguttural) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ओ}} | {{IAST|o}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ō}} | {{IPAblink|oː}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पो}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|औ}} | colspan="2" | {{IAST|au}} | {{IPA|[aːʊ]}} (in Hindi: {{IPAblink|ɔː}}) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पौ}} |- ! | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अं}} / {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ं]]}}<small> <sup>1,2</sup></small> | {{IAST|ṃ}} | {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ṁ}} | {{IPAblink|◌̃}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पं}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अः}} / {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ः]]}}<small> <sup>1</sup></small> | colspan="2" | {{IAST|ḥ}} | {{IPAblink|h}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पः}} |} # Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal [[diacritics]], the final [[nasal stop|nasal]] {{IAST|[[anusvāra]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ं]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṃ}} and the final [[fricative]] {{IAST|[[visarga]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ः]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḥ}} (called {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अं]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|aṃ}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अः]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|aḥ}}). {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} notes of the {{IAST|anusvāra}} in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic [[nasal stop]] {{omission}}, a [[nasalized vowel|nasalised vowel]], a nasalised [[semivowel]], or all these according to context". The {{IAST|visarga}} represents post-vocalic [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|[h]}}, in Sanskrit an [[allophone]] of {{IAST|s}}, or less commonly {{IAST|r}}, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the [[vowel]] after the breath:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=6}}</ref> {{lang|inc-Deva|इः|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ihi]}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} considers the {{IAST|visarga}} along with letters {{lang|inc-Deva|ङ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṅa}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|ञ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ña}} for the "largely predictable" [[velar nasal|velar]] and [[palatal nasal]]s to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system". # Another diacritic is the {{IAST|[[Chandrabindu|candrabindu]]}}/{{IAST|[[anunāsika]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ँ]]|size=140%}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अँ]]|size=140%}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|pp=76–77}} describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the {{IAST|anusvāra}}, "sometimes {{omission}} used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a new Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the {{IAST|candrabindu}} indicates [[nasalized vowel|vowel nasalisation]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|pp=44–45}}</ref> while the {{IAST|anusvār}} indicates a homorganic [[nasal stop|nasal]] preceding another consonant:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=64}}</ref> e.g., {{lang|hi|हँसी}} {{IPA|[ɦə̃si]}} "[[laughter]]", {{lang|hi|गंगा}} {{IPA|[ɡəŋɡɑ]}} "the [[Ganges]]". When an {{IAST|akṣara}} has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the {{IAST|candra}} ("moon") stroke {{IAST|candrabindu}}, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=45}}</ref> {{lang|hi|हूँ|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɦũ]}} "am", but {{lang|hi|हैं|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɦɛ̃]}} "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=46}}</ref> # The {{IAST|[[avagraha]]}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|[[ऽ]]|size=140%}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अऽ]]|size=140%}}) (usually [[transliteration|transliterated]] with an [[apostrophe]]) is a Sanskrit [[punctuation mark]] for the [[elision]] of a [[vowel]] in [[sandhi]]: {{lang|sa|एकोऽयम्}} {{IAST|eko'yam}} ( ← {{lang|sa|एकस्}} {{IAST|ekas}} + {{lang|sa|अयम्}} {{IAST|ayam}}) ("this one"). An original [[long vowel]] lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double {{IAST|avagraha}}: {{lang|sa|सदाऽऽत्मा}} {{IAST|sadā'tmā}} ( ← {{lang|sa|सदा}} {{IAST|sadā}} + {{lang|sa|आत्मा}} {{IAST|ātmā}}) "always, the self".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=77}}</ref> In Hindi, {{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=77}} states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": {{lang|hi|आईऽऽऽ!}} {{IAST|āīīī!}}<!-- include bit on 77 about prosody? -->. In Madhyadeshi languages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbal forms that end in that inherent vowel",<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verma|2003|p=501}}</ref> the {{IAST|avagraha}} is used to mark the ''non-''elision of word-final inherent {{IAST|a}}, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: {{lang|inc-Deva|बइठऽ}} {{IAST|baiṭha}} "sit" versus {{lang|inc-Deva|बइठ}} {{IAST|baiṭh}} # The syllabic consonants {{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṝ}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऌ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷ}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|ॡ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḹ}} are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the {{IAST|varṇamālā}} of other languages. The sound represented by {{IAST|ṛ}} has also been largely lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from {{IPA|[ɾɪ]}} (Hindi) to {{IPA|[ɾu]}} (Marathi). # {{IAST|ḹ}} is not an actual [[phoneme]] of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.<ref name="Salomon 2003 75" /> # There are non-regular formations of {{lang|inc-Deva|रु|size=140%}} {{IAST|ru}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|रू|size=140%}} {{IAST|rū}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|हृ|size=140%}} {{IAST|hṛ}}. # There are two more vowels in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], {{lang|mr|ॲ|size=140%}} and {{lang|mr|ऑ|size=140%}}, that respectively represent [{{IPA|æ}}], similar to the [[received pronunciation|RP]] English pronunciation of {{angbr|a}} in ''act'', and [{{IPA|ɒ}}], similar to the RP pronunciation of {{angbr|o}} in ''cot''. These vowels are sometimes used in Hindi too, as in {{Langx|hi|डॉलर|label=none}} {{IAST|dôlar}} ("dollar").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Translation of "dollar" |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040722/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-12 |website=Collins English-Hindi Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> IAST transliteration is not defined. In [[ISO 15919]], the transliteration is {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ê}} and {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ô}}, respectively. # Kashmiri Devanagari uses letters like {{lang|inc-Deva|ॳ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॴ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॶ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॷ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऎ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऒ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|औ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॵ}} to represent its vowels (see [[Kashmiri language#Devanagari]]). === Consonants === The table below shows the consonant letters (in combination with [[inherent vowel]] {{IAST|a}}) and their arrangement. To the right of the Devanāgarī letter it shows the Latin script transliteration using [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=73}}</ref> and the phonetic value ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) in [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandahl |first=Stella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ |title=A Hindi reference grammar |publisher=Peeters |date=2000 |isbn=978-9042908802 |pages=1–4 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427114134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C |title=A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition |publisher=BRILL Academic |date=1987 |isbn=90-04-07924-6 |pages=51–63, 77–94 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610230915/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center; width:95%" |- ! [[Phonetic]]s → ! colspan=8 | {{IAST|sparśa}}<br />([[Occlusive]]) ! colspan=2 | {{IAST|anunāsika}}<br />([[Nasal stop|Nasal]]) ! colspan=2 | {{IAST|antastha}}<br />([[Approximant]]) ! colspan=4 | {{IAST|ūṣman}}/{{IAST|saṃgharṣī}}<br />([[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]) |- ! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] → | colspan="4"| {{IAST|aghoṣa}} | colspan="8" style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|saghoṣa}} | colspan="2"| {{IAST|aghoṣa}} | colspan="2" style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|saghoṣa}} |- ! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] → | colspan=2 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}} | colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}} | colspan=2 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}} | colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}} | colspan=4 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}} | colspan=4 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}} |- !{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}<br />([[Velar consonant|Velar]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|क}}||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPAblink|k}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ख}}||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPAblink|kʰ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ग}}||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɡ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|घ}}||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɡʱ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ङ}}||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ŋ}} | colspan=4 | | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ह}}||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɦ}} |- !{{IAST|tālavya}}<br />([[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|च}}||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPAblink|tʃ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|छ}}||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|[tʃʰ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ज}}||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPAblink|dʒ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|झ}}||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|[dʒʱ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ञ}}||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɲ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|य}}||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPAblink|j}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|श}}||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʃ}} | colspan=2 rowspan=4 | |- !{{IAST|mūrdhanya}}<br />([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ट}}||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʈ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ठ}}||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|[ʈʰ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ड}}||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɖ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ढ}}||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|[ɖʱ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ण}}||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɳ}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|र}}||{{IAST|[[Ra (Indic)|ra]]}}<br />{{IPAblink|r}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ष}}||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʂ}} |- !{{IAST|dantya}}<br />([[Dental consonant|Dental]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|त}}||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPAblink|t̪}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|थ}}||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|[t̪ʰ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|द}}||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPAblink|d̪}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ध}}||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|न}}||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPAblink|n}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ल}}||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPAblink|l}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|स}}||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPAblink|s}} |- !{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}<br />([[Labial consonant|Labial]]) | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|प}}||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPAblink|p}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|फ}}||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|[pʰ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ब}}||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPAblink|b}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|भ}}||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|[bʱ]}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|म}}||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPAblink|m}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|व}}||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʋ}} | colspan="2"| |} * Additionally, there is {{lang|inc-Deva|ळ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷa}} ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPAblink|ɭ}} or {{IPAblink|ɭ̆}}), the intervocalic [[retroflex lateral flap|lateral flap]] allophone of the [[voiced retroflex stop]] in [[Vedic Sanskrit]], which is a [[phoneme]] in languages such as [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=97}}</ref> * Beyond the Sanskritic set, new shapes have rarely been formulated. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} offers the following, "In any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive ''other'' sounds, unknown to the [[phonetician]]s of Sanskrit". Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been ignored in writing, or dealt through means such as [[diacritic]]s and [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] (ignored in recitation). ** The most prolific diacritic has been the [[subscript]] dot ({{IAST|[[Nukta|nuqtā]]}}) {{lang|inc-Deva|़|size=140%}}. [[Hindi]] uses it for the [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and English sounds {{lang|hi|क़|size=140%}} {{IAST|qa}} [[Voiceless uvular plosive|/q/]], {{lang|hi|ख़|size=140%}} {{IAST|xa}} [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]], {{lang|hi|[[ग़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ġa}} [[Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]], {{lang|hi|[[ज़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|za}} [[Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]], {{lang|hi|[[झ़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|zha}} [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|/ʒ/]], and {{lang|hi|फ़|size=140%}} {{IAST|fa}} [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]], and for the [[allophonic]] developments {{lang|hi|ड़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛa}} [[Retroflex flap|/ɽ/]] and {{lang|hi|ढ़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛha}} {{IPA|/ɽʱ/}}.<ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013">{{Cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dipti |last2=Mondal |first2=Tapabrata |last3=Agrawal |first3=S. S. |last4=Bangalore |first4=Srinivas |title=2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE) |chapter=Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system |date=2013 |page=3 |doi=10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861 |isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6 |s2cid=26461938 |quote=Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/}}</ref> (Although {{lang|inc-Deva|ऴ|size=140%}} {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ḻa}} {{IPA|/ɻ/}} could also exist, it is not used in Hindi.) ** Devanagari used to write Mahl dialect of Dhivehi uses nukta on {{lang|inc-Deva|च़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|त़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|द़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|स़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ह़|size=140%}} to represent other Perso-Arabic phonemes (see [[Maldivian writing systems#Devanagari script for Mahl]]). ** [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]'s and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]'s [[implosive]]s are accommodated with a line attached below: {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced velar implosive|ॻ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɠə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced palatal implosive|ॼ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ʄə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced alveolar implosive|ॾ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced bilabial implosive|ॿ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɓə]}}. ** [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]] [[sonorant]]s may be represented as conjuncts/[[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] with {{lang|inc-Deva|ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ha}}: {{lang|inc-Deva|म्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|mha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|nha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṇha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|व्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|vha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|lha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ळ्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|rha}}. ** {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=147}} notes [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as using {{lang|mwr-Deva|ॸ|size=140%}} for {{IAST|ḍa}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}} (while {{lang|mwr-Deva|ड|size=140%}} represents {{IPA|[ɽə]}}). ** When used to write [[Avestan]], Devanagari uses letters like {{lang|inc-Deva|ॹ|size=140%}} /ʒ/ to represent its sounds. === Vowel diacritics === [[File:Devanagari matras.svg|thumb|center|upright=3.3|Vowel [[diacritics]] on {{lang|inc-Deva|क|size=140%}}]] The table below shows consonants with common vowel diacritics and their [[ISO 15919]] transliteration. Vowels in their independent form on the top and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant '{{transliteration|hi|ISO|k}}' on the bottom. '{{transliteration|hi|ISO|ka}}' is without any added vowel sign, where the vowel '{{transliteration|hi|ISO|a}}' is [[Inherent vowel|inherent]]. {| class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- lang="inc-Latn"| !a !!ā !!i !!ī !!u !!ū !!e !!ê !!ē !!ai !!o !!ô !!ō !!au !!r̥ !!r̥̄ !!l̥ !!l̥̄ !!ṁ !!ḥ !! !!m̐ |-style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva" |अ ||आ ||इ ||ई ||उ ||ऊ ||ऎ ||ॲ ||ए ||ऐ ||ऒ ||ऑ ||ओ ||औ ||ऋ ||ॠ ||ऌ ||ॡ ||अं ||अः || ||अँ |-style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva" | || ा|| ि|| ी|| ु || ू || ॆ || ॅ || े || ै || ॊ|| ॉ|| ो|| ौ || ृ || ॄ || ॢ || ॣ || ं || ः || ्|| ँ |- lang="inc-Latn"| !ka!!kā!!ki!!kī!!ku!!kū!!ke!!kê!!kē!!kai!!ko!!kô!!kō!!kau!!kr̥!!kr̥̄!!kl̥!!kl̥̄!!kaṁ!!kaḥ!!k!!kam̐ |-style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"| |क ||का||कि||की||कु ||कू ||कॆ ||कॅ ||के ||कै ||कॊ||कॉ||को ||कौ ||कृ ||कॄ ||कॢ ||कॣ ||कं ||कः ||क्||कँ |} A vowel combines with a consonant in their diacritic form. For example, the vowel {{lang|inc-Deva|ऊ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ū}}) combines with the consonant {{lang|inc-Deva|छ्|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ch}}) to form the syllabic letter {{lang|inc-Deva|छू|size=140%}} ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|chū}}), with [[Virama|halant (cancel sign)]] removed and added vowel sign which is indicated by [[diacritic]]s. The vowel {{lang|inc-Deva|अ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|a}}) combines with the consonant {{lang|inc-Deva|छ्|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ch}}) to form {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}} ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|cha}}) with halant removed. But the diacritic series of {{lang|inc-Deva|च|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ज|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|झ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ca, cha, ja, jha}}, respectively) is without any added vowel sign, as the vowel {{lang|inc-Deva|अ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|a}}) is [[Inherent vowel|inherent]]. [[File:1765 Saka, 1843 CE, Jnanesvari Jnandeva Dnyaneshwar manuscript page 1 and 2, Devanagari Marathi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5| The {{IAST|Jñānēśvarī}} is a commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', dated to 1290 CE. It is in written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] using the Devanāgarī script.]] {{anchor|Barakhadi}} The combinations of all [[Sanskrit]] consonants and vowels, each in alphabetical order, are laid out in the {{IAST|bārākhaḍī}} ({{lang|mr|{{linktext|बाराखडी}}}}) or {{IAST|bārahkhaṛī}} ({{lang|hi|{{linktext|बारहखड़ी}}}}) table. In the following {{transliteration|inc|barakhadi}} table, the [[IAST]] transliteration of each combination will appear on mouseover: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 120%; line-height: 120%; border: none; text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-left: 1em;" |+ style="font-size: 83%;" | Barakhadi table |- style="background: white; font-size: 83%; line-height: 83%;" lang="inc-Latn" | | style="border: none;" | | style="border: none;" |a | style="border: none;" |ā | style="border: none;" |i | style="border: none;" |ī | style="border: none;" |u | style="border: none;" |ū | style="border: none;" |e | style="border: none;" |ai | style="border: none;" |o | style="border: none;" |au | style="border: none;" |aṁ | style="border: none;" |aḥ |- | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%;" | !{{tooltip|अ|a|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|आ|ā|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|इ|i|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|ई|ī|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|उ|u|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|ऊ|ū|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|ए|e|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|ऐ|ai|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|ओ|o|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|औ|au|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|अं|aṁ|dotted=no}} !{{tooltip|अः|aḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | k- |{{tooltip|क|ka|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|का|kā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कि|ki|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|की|kī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कु|ku|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कू|kū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|के|ke|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कै|kai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|को|ko|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कौ|kau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कं|kaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|कः|kaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | kh- |{{tooltip|ख|kha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खा|khā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खि|khi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खी|khī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खु|khu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खू|khū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खे|khe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खै|khai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खो|kho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खौ|khau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खं|khaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|खः|khaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | g- |{{tooltip|ग|ga|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गा|gā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गि|gi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गी|gī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गु|gu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गू|gū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गे|ge|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गै|gai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गो|go|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गौ|gau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गं|gaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|गः|gaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | gh- |{{tooltip|घ|gha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घा|ghā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घि|ghi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घी|ghī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घु|ghu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घू|ghū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घे|ghe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घै|ghai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घो|gho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घौ|ghau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घं|ghaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|घः|ghaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṅ- |{{tooltip|ङ|ṅa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङा|ṅā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङि|ṅi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङी|ṅī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङु|ṅu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङू|ṅū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङे|ṅe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङै|ṅai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङो|ṅo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङौ|ṅau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङं|ṅaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ङः|ṅaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | c- |{{tooltip|च|ca|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चा|cā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चि|ci|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ची|cī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चु|cu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चू|cū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चे|ce|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चै|cai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चो|co|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चौ|cau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चं|caṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|चः|caḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ch- |{{tooltip|छ|cha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छा|chā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छि|chi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छी|chī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छु|chu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छू|chū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छे|che|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छै|chai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छो|cho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छौ|chau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छं|chaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|छः|chaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | j- |{{tooltip|ज|a|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जा|jā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जि|ji|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जी|jī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जु|ju|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जू|jū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जे|je|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जै|jai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जो|jo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जौ|jau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जं|jaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|जः|jaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | jh- |{{tooltip|झ|jha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झा|jhā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झि|jhi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झी|jhī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झु|jhu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झू|jhū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झे|jhe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झै|jhai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झो|jho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झौ|jhau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झं|jhaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|झः|jhaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ñ- |{{tooltip|ञ|ña|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञा|ñā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञि|ñi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञी|ñī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञु|ñu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञू|ñū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञे|ñe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञै|ñai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञो|ño|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञौ|ñau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञं|ñaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ञः|ñaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṭ- |{{tooltip|ट|ṭa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टा|ṭā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टि|ṭi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टी|ṭī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टु|ṭu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टू|ṭū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टे|ṭe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टै|ṭai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टो|ṭo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टौ|ṭau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टं|ṭaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|टः|ṭaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṭh- |{{tooltip|ठ|ṭha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठा|ṭhā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठि|ṭhi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठी|ṭhī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठु|ṭhu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठू|ṭhū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठे|ṭhe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठै|ṭhai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठो|ṭho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठौ|ṭhau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठं|ṭhaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ठः|ṭhaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ḍ- |{{tooltip|ड|ḍa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डा|ḍā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डि|ḍi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डी|ḍī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डु|ḍu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डू|ḍū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डे|ḍe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डै|ḍai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डो|ḍo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डौ|ḍau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डं|ḍaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|डः|ḍaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ḍh- |{{tooltip|ढ|ḍha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढा|ḍhā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढि|ḍhi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढी|ḍhī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढु|ḍhu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढू|ḍhū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढे|ḍhe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढै|ḍhai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढो|ḍho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढौ|ḍhau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढं|ḍhaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ढः|ḍhaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṇ- |{{tooltip|ण|ṇa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णा|ṇā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णि|ṇi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णी|ṇī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णु|ṇu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णू|ṇū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णे|ṇe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णै|ṇai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णो|ṇo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णौ|ṇau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णं|ṇaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|णः|ṇaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | t- |{{tooltip|त|ta|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ता|tā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ति|ti|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ती|tī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तु|tu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तू|tū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ते|te|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तै|tai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तो|to|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तौ|tau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तं|taṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|तः|taḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | th- |{{tooltip|थ|tha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|था|thā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थि|thi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थी|thī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थु|thu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थू|thū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थे|the|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थै|thai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थो|tho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थौ|thau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थं|thaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|थः|thaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | d- |{{tooltip|द|da|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दा|dā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दि|di|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दी|dī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दु|du|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दू|dū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दे|de|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दै|dai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दो|do|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दौ|dau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दं|daṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|दः|daḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | dh- |{{tooltip|ध|dha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धा|dhā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धि|dhi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धी|dhī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धु|dhu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धू|dhū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धे|dhe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धै|dhai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धो|dho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धौ|dhau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धं|dhaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|धः|dhaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | n- |{{tooltip|न|na|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ना|nā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नि|ni|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नी|nī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नु|nu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नू|nū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ने|ne|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नै|nai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नो|no|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नौ|nau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नं|naṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|नः|naḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | p- |{{tooltip|प|pa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पा|pā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पि|pi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पी|pī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पु|pu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पू|pū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पे|pe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पै|pai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पो|po|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पौ|pau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पं|paṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|पः|paḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ph- |{{tooltip|फ|pha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फा|phā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फि|phi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फी|phī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फु|phu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फू|phū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फे|phe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फै|phai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फो|pho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फौ|phau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फं|phaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|फः|phaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | b- |{{tooltip|ब|ba|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बा|bā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बि|bi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बी|bī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बु|bu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बू|bū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बे|be|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बै|bai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बो|bo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बौ|bau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बं|baṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|बः|baḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | bh- |{{tooltip|भ|bha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भा|bhā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भि|bhi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भी|bhī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भु|bhu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भू|bhū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भे|bhe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भै|bhai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भो|bho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भौ|bhau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भं|bhaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|भः|bhaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | m- |{{tooltip|म|ma|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मा|mā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मि|mi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मी|mī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मु|mu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मू|mū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मे|me|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मै|mai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मो|mo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मौ|mau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मं|maṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|मः|maḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | y- |{{tooltip|य|ya|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|या|yā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यि|yi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यी|yī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यु|yu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यू|yū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ये|ye|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यै|yai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यो|yo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यौ|yau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यं|yaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|यः|yaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | r- |{{tooltip|र|ra|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रा|rā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रि|ri|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|री|rī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रु|ru|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रू|rū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रे|re|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रै|rai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रो|ro|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रौ|rau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रं|raṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|रः|raḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | l- |{{tooltip|ल|la|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ला|lā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लि|li|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ली|lī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लु|lu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लू|lū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ले|le|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लै|lai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लो|lo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लौ|lau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लं|laṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|लः|laḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | v- |{{tooltip|व|va|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वा|vā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वि|vi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वी|vī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वु|vu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वू|vū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वे|ve|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वै|vai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वो|vo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वौ|vau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वं|vaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|वः|vaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ś- |{{tooltip|श|śa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शा|śā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शि|śi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शी|śī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शु|śu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शू|śū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शे|śe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शै|śai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शो|śo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शौ|śau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शं|śaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|शः|śaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṣ- |{{tooltip|ष|ṣa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षा|ṣā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षि|ṣi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षी|ṣī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षु|ṣu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षू|ṣū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षे|ṣe|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षै|ṣai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षो|ṣo|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षौ|ṣau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षं|ṣaṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|षः|ṣaḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | s- |{{tooltip|स|sa|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सा|sā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सि|si|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सी|sī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सु|su|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सू|sū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|से|se|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सै|sai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सो|so|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सौ|sau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सं|saṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|सः|saḥ|dotted=no}} |- lang="inc-Deva" | | style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | h- |{{tooltip|ह|ha|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हा|hā|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हि|hi|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|ही|hī|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हु|hu|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हू|hū|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हे|he|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|है|hai|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हो|ho|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हौ|hau|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हं|haṁ|dotted=no}} |{{tooltip|हः|haḥ|dotted=no}} |} === Old forms === [[File:10th century college foundation grant Devanagari inscription in Sanskrit on stone, Kaladgi Karnataka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A mid-10th century Sanskrit land grant for a college, written in Devanāgarī, and discovered on a stone buried in north Karnataka. Parts of the inscription are written in [[Canarese script]].<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/TheIndianAntiquaryVol.1/The-Indian-Antiquary%2CVol.%201#page/n219/mode/2up |chapter=Salotgi Inscription |title=The Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research |first=S.P. |last=Pandit |date=1872 |pages=205–211 |quote="The inscription of which a translation is given below, is engraved on a stone pillar about 4 feet 10 inches in height, 1 foot 2 inches thick, and 1 foot 9 inches broad. It is cut in Devanagari characters on three of its four sides, and {{omission}}"}}</ref>]] The following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts and in specific regions:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahri |first=Harder |title=Hindi-Angrezi Shabdkosh |date=2004 |page=xiii}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-left: 3em; border: none;" |+ Letter variants |- style="font-size: small;" ! Standard !! Ancient |- | [[File:Devanagari a.svg|15px]] || [[File:Devanagari a old.svg|15px]] |- | [[File:Devanagari झ.svg|15px]] || [[File:Devanagari jh old.svg|15px]] |- | [[File:Devanagari ण.svg|15px]] || [[File:Devanagari Ṇ (old).svg|15px]] |- | [[File:Devanagari ल.svg|15px]] || [[File:Devanagari l old.svg|15px]] |} === Conjunct consonants === {{main|Devanagari conjuncts}} [[File:Devanagari ligatures Monier-Williams 1846.png|thumb|300px|Picture with conjuncts from ''An Elementary Grammar of the Sanscrit Language'', page 25, [[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1846).]] As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a [[conjunct consonant]] or [[Ligature (typography)|ligature]]. When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word {{IAST|karnā}} is written {{lang|hi|करना}} ({{IAST|ka-ra-nā}}).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Saloman |first=Richard |date=2007 |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9640 |title=Typological Observations on the Indic Scripts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170021/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9640 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |encyclopedia=The Indic Scripts: Paleographic and Linguistic Perspectives |publisher=D.K. Printworld Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-812460406-9 |page=33}}</ref> The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardised for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the [[Unicode]] used on this page is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules: [[File:Devanagari letter forms.svg|alt=Complete made by CB|thumb|upright=0.9|Few examples of {{lang|inc-Deva|श|size=140%}} consonant clusters.]] * 24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke ({{lang|inc-Deva|य|size=140%}} {{IAST|ya}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न|size=140%}} {{IAST|na}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ग|size=140%}} {{IAST|ga}} etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster (when letters are to be written as half pronounced), they lose that stroke. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|त्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|व|size=140%}} = {{lang|inc-Deva|त्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|tva}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ|size=140%}} = {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्ढ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṇḍha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|स्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|थ|size=140%}} = {{lang|inc-Deva|स्थ|size=140%}} {{IAST|stha}}. In Unicode, as in Hindi, these consonants without their vertical stems are called "half forms".<ref name="Unicode ch. 9">{{Cite web |title=The Unicode Standard, chapter 9, South Asian Scripts I |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803120834/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=Feb 12, 2012 |website=The Unicode Standard, v. 6.0 |publisher=Unicode, Inc}}</ref> {{lang|inc-Deva|श|size=140%}} {{IAST|śa}} appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding {{lang|inc-Deva|व|size=140%}} {{IAST|va}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न|size=140%}} {{IAST|na}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|च|size=140%}} {{IAST|ca}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल|size=140%}} {{IAST|la}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ra}}, causing these second members to be shifted down and reduced in size. Thus {{lang|inc-Deva|श्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|śva}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्न|size=140%}} {{IAST|śna}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्च|size=140%}} {{IAST|śca}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्ल|size=140%}} {{IAST|śla}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|śra}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|शृ|size=140%}} {{IAST|śṛi}}. * {{lang|inc-Deva|र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ra}} as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its {{IAST|ā-}} diacritic. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|र्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|rva}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्वा|size=140%}} {{IAST|rvā}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्स्प|size=140%}} {{IAST|rspa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्स्पा|size=140%}} {{IAST|rspā}}. In Marathi and Nepali, {{lang|inc-Deva|र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ra}} as a first member of a conjunct also takes on an eyelash form when in front of glides and semivowels. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|र्य|size=140%}} {{IAST|rya}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|rva}}. As a final member with {{lang|inc-Deva|ट|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ठ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}} {{IAST|cha}}, it is two lines together below the character pointed downwards. Thus {{lang|inc-Deva|ट्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ठ्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭhra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍhra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड़्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|chra}}. Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke extending leftwards and down. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|क्र ग्र भ्र ब्र|size=140%}}. {{lang|inc-Deva|त|size=140%}} {{IAST|ta}} is shifted up to make the conjunct {{lang|inc-Deva|त्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|tra}}. * As first members, remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as {{lang|inc-Deva|द|size=140%}} {{IAST|da}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ha}} may have their second member, reduced in size and lacking its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. {{lang|inc-Deva|क|size=140%}} {{IAST|ka}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}} {{IAST|cha}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|फ|size=140%}} {{IAST|pha}} shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member. * The conjuncts for {{IAST|kṣa}} and {{IAST|jña}} are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components. The conjunct for {{IAST|kṣa}} is {{lang|inc-Deva|क्ष|size=140%}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|क्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|ष|size=140%}}) and for {{IAST|jña}} it is {{lang|inc-Deva|ज्ञ|size=140%}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|ज्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|ञ|size=140%}}). === Accent marks === {{Main|Vedic accent#Notation}} The [[pitch accent]] of [[Vedic Sanskrit]] is written with various symbols depending on [[shakha]]. In the [[Rigveda]], {{IAST|anudātta}} is written with a bar below the line ({{lang|sa|◌॒|size=140%}}), {{IAST|svarita}} with a stroke above the line ({{lang|sa|◌॑|size=140%}}) while {{IAST|udātta}} is unmarked. === Punctuation === The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with the "{{script|Deva|।}}" symbol (called a {{IAST|[[Danda|daṇḍa]]}}, meaning "bar", or called a {{IAST|pūrṇa virām}}, meaning "full stop/pause"). The end of a full verse may be marked with a double-{{IAST|daṇḍa}}, a "{{script|Deva|॥}}" symbol. A comma (called an ''{{IAST|alpa virām}}'', meaning "short stop/pause") is used to denote a natural pause in speech.<ref>{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Volume 1 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0201616330 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |pages=221–223}}</ref><ref name="ijetr">{{Citation |url=https://www.ijetr.org/finalpdf/1386305476.pdf |title=Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206062848/https://www.ijetr.org/finalpdf/1386305476.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2016 |last1=Watham |last2=Vimal |date=2013 |publisher=IJETR |page=550}}</ref> Punctuation marks of [[Western world|Western]] origin, such as the [[colon (punctuation)|colon]], [[semicolon]], [[exclamation mark]], [[dash]], and [[question mark]] have been in use in Devanāgarī script since at least the 1900s,{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} matching their use in European languages.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=Michael |last=Shapiro |date=2014 |title=The Devanagari Writing System |encyclopedia=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120805088 |page=26}}</ref> === Fonts === A variety of Unicode fonts are in use for Devanāgarī. These include Akshar,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/akshar.shtml Akshar Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709144453/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/akshar.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Annapurna,<ref>[https://software.sil.org/annapurna/ Annapurna SIL Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160930/https://software.sil.org/annapurna/|date=24 September 2015}}, SIL International (2013)</ref> [[Arial]],<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/arialunicode.shtml Arial Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709131928/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/arialunicode.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> CDAC-Gist Surekh,<ref name="surekhfont">[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/surekh.shtml CDAC-GIST Surekh Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709135457/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/surekh.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> CDAC-Gist Yogesh,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/yogesh.shtml CDAC-GIST Yogesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709154256/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/yogesh.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Chandas,<ref name="hindimeguide">[https://hindimeguide.blogspot.com/keyword=k21214&pageid=icb.page104271 Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts]{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Harvard University (2010); see [https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/ Chanda and Uttara ttf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310144046/https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/|date=10 March 2015}} 2010 archive (Accessed: July 8, 2015)</ref> Gargi,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/gargi.shtml Gargi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709150622/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/gargi.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Gurumaa,<ref>[https://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=16645 Gurumaa Unicode – a sans font] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711005342/https://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=16645|date=11 July 2015}} KDE (2012)</ref> Jaipur,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/jaipur.shtml Jaipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143501/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/jaipur.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Jana,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/janahindi.shtml Jana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709140706/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/janahindi.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Kalimati,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kalimati.shtml Kalimati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143109/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kalimati.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Kanjirowa,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kanjirowa.shtml Kanjirowa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709125349/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kanjirowa.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Lohit Devanagari, Mangal,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/mangal.shtml Mangal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143607/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/mangal.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Kokila,<ref>{{Cite web |last=alib-ms |title=Kokila font family – Typography |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/kokila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003042113/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/kokila |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Microsoft Learn |language=en-us}}</ref> ,Preeti,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preeti Font |url=https://shikshasanjal.com/preeti-to-unicode-converter |website=shikshasanjal}}</ref> Raghu,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/raghindi.shtml Raghu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709145319/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/raghindi.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Sanskrit2003,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/sanskrit2003.shtml Sanskrit Ashram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709131926/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/sanskrit2003.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Santipur OT,<ref name="harvard">[https://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k21214&pageid=icb.page104271 Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts]{{Dead link|date=July 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Harvard University (2010); see [https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/ Chanda and Uttara ttf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310144046/https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/|date=10 March 2015}} 2010 archive (Accessed: July 8, 2015)</ref> Siddhanta, and Thyaka.<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/thyakarabison.shtml Thyaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709125244/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/thyakarabison.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> The form of Devanāgarī fonts vary with function. According to Harvard College for Sanskrit studies:<ref name="harvard" /> {{blockquote|text=Uttara [companion to [[Chandas (typeface)|Chandas]]] is the best in terms of ligatures but, because it is designed for Vedic as well, requires so much vertical space that it is not well suited for the "user interface font" (though an excellent choice for the "original field" font). Santipur OT is a beautiful font reflecting a very early [medieval era] typesetting style for Devanagari. Sanskrit 2003<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari font] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113210320/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf |date=13 November 2014 }} Unicode Standard 8.0 (2015)</ref> is a good all-around font and has more ligatures than most fonts, though students will probably find the spacing of the CDAC-Gist Surekh<ref name=surekhfont/> font makes for quicker comprehension and reading.}} The Google Fonts project has a number of Unicode fonts for Devanāgarī in a variety of typefaces in serif, sans-serif, display and handwriting categories.
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