Editing Digital video (section)

===Production===
Starting in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, [[video production]] equipment that was digital in its internal workings was introduced. These included [[time base corrector]]s (TBC){{efn|For example, the [[Thomson-CSF]] 9100 Digital Video Processor, an internally all-digital full-frame TBC introduced in 1980.}} and [[digital video effects]] (DVE) units.{{efn|For example the [[Ampex]] ADO, and the [[Nippon Electric Corporation]] (NEC) E-Flex.}} They operated by taking a standard analog [[composite video]] input and digitizing it internally. This made it easier to either correct or enhance the video signal, as in the case of a TBC, or to manipulate and add effects to the video, in the case of a DVE unit. The digitized and processed video information was then converted back to standard analog video for output.

Later on in the 1970s, manufacturers of professional video broadcast equipment, such as [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] (through their [[Fernseh]] division) and [[Ampex]] developed prototype digital [[videotape recorder]]s (VTR) in their research and development labs. Bosch's machine used a modified [[Type B videotape|1-inch type B videotape]] transport and recorded an early form of [[CCIR 601]] digital video. Ampex's prototype digital video recorder used a modified [[2-inch quadruplex videotape]] VTR (an Ampex AVR-3) fitted with custom digital video electronics and a special ''octaplex'' 8-head headwheel (regular analog 2" quad machines only used 4 heads). Like standard 2" quad, the audio on the Ampex prototype digital machine, nicknamed ''Annie'' by its developers, still recorded the audio in analog as linear tracks on the tape. None of these machines from these manufacturers were ever marketed commercially.

Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the Sony [[D-1 (Sony)|D1]] format, which recorded an uncompressed standard definition [[component video]] signal in digital form. Component video connections required 3 cables, but most [[television]] facilities were wired for composite NTSC or PAL video using one cable. Due to this incompatibility the cost of the recorder, D1 was used primarily by large [[television network]]s and other component-video capable video studios.
[[File:A_todo_o_nada_Chile_Studio_(20200130_194157).jpg|thumb|A professional television studio set in Chile]]
In 1988, Sony and Ampex co-developed and released the [[D-2 (video)|D2]] digital videocassette format, which recorded video digitally without compression in [[ITU-601]] format, much like D1. In comparison, D2 had the major difference of encoding the video in composite form to the NTSC standard, thereby only requiring single-cable composite video connections to and from a D2 VCR. This made it a perfect fit for the majority of television facilities at the time. D2 was a successful format in the [[television broadcast]] industry throughout the late '80s and the '90s. D2 was also widely used in that era as the master tape format for mastering [[laserdiscs]].{{efn|Prior to D2, most laserdiscs were mastered using analog [[1" Type C videotape]]}}

D1 & D2 would eventually be replaced by cheaper systems using video compression, most notably Sony's [[Digital Betacam]], that were introduced into the network's [[television studio]]s. Other examples of digital video formats utilizing compression were Ampex's [[DCT (videocassette format)|DCT]] (the first to employ such when introduced in 1992), the industry-standard [[DV (video format)|DV]] and MiniDV and its professional variations, Sony's [[DVCAM]] and Panasonic's [[DVCPRO]], and [[Betacam SX]], a lower-cost variant of Digital Betacam using MPEG-2 compression.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roger|first=Jennings|title=Special Edition Using Desktop Video|publisher=Que Books, Macmillan Computer Publishing|year=1997|isbn=978-0789702654}}</ref>
[[File:Sony_logo.svg|thumb|The Sony logo, creator of the Betacam]]
One of the first digital video products to run on personal computers was ''PACo: The PICS Animation Compiler'' from The Company of Science & Art in Providence, RI. It was developed starting in 1990 and first shipped in May 1991. PACo could stream unlimited-length video with synchronized sound from a single file (with the ''.CAV'' [[file extension]]) on CD-ROM. Creation required a Mac, and playback was possible on Macs, PCs, and Sun [[SPARCstation]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=CoSA Lives: The Story of the Company Behind After Effects |newspaper=Motionworks Digital Marketing Agency Melbourne |url=http://www.motionworks.com.au/2009/11/cosa-lives/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227132422/http://motionworks.com.au/2009/11/cosa-lives/ |archive-date=2011-02-27 |access-date=2009-11-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[QuickTime]], [[Apple Computer]]'s multimedia framework, was released in June 1991. [[Audio Video Interleave]] from [[Microsoft]] followed in 1992. Initial consumer-level content creation tools were crude, requiring an analog video source to be digitized to a computer-readable format. While low-quality at first, consumer digital video increased rapidly in quality, first with the introduction of playback standards such as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 (adopted for use in television transmission and DVD media), and the introduction of the [[DV (video format)|DV]] tape format allowing recordings in the format to be transferred directly to digital video files using a [[FireWire]] port on an editing computer. This simplified the process, allowing [[non-linear editing system]]s (NLE) to be deployed cheaply and widely on [[desktop computer]]s with no external playback or recording equipment needed.

The widespread adoption of digital video and accompanying compression formats has reduced the [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] needed for a [[high-definition video]] signal (with [[HDV]] and [[AVCHD]], as well as several professional formats such as [[XDCAM]], all using less bandwidth than a standard definition analog signal). These savings have increased the number of channels available on [[cable television]] and [[direct broadcast satellite]] systems, created opportunities for [[spectrum reallocation]] of [[terrestrial television]] broadcast frequencies, and made [[tapeless camcorder]]s based on [[flash memory]] possible, among other innovations and efficiencies.