Editing Dignity (section)

=== Categories ===
Human dignity can be violated in multiple ways.  The main categories of violations are:<ref name=":0">{{cite book | title=Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization: Human Dignity Violated | isbn=9789048196616 |editor=Paulus Kaufmann |editor2=Hannes Kuch |editor3=Christian Neuhäuser |editor4=Elaine Webster | publisher=Springer | date=2010-10-07 }} <!-- Entire book, but especially pages 51–52, 151, 168 --></ref>
; [[Humiliation]]: Violations of human dignity in terms of humiliation refer to acts that humiliate or diminish the self-worth of a person or a group. Acts of humiliation are context dependent but we normally have an intuitive understanding where such a violation occurs. As Schachter noted, "it has been generally assumed that a violation of human dignity can be recognized even if the abstract term cannot be defined. 'I know it when I see it even if I cannot tell you what it is{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schachter|first1=Oskar|title=Human dignity as a normative concept|journal=American Journal of International Law|date=1983|volume=77|issue=4|page=849|doi=10.2307/2202536|jstor=2202536|doi-access=free}}</ref> More generally, etymology of the word "humiliation" has a universal characteristic in the sense that in all languages the word involves "downward spatial orientation" in which "something or someone is pushed down and forcefully held there".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Linder|first1=Evelin|title=Making enemies: Humiliation and international conflict|date=2006|publisher=Praeger Security International|location=Westport, CT|page=5}}</ref> This approach is common in judicial decisions where judges refer to violations of human dignity as injuries to people's self-worth or their self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shultziner|first1=Doron|last2=Rabinovici|first2=Itai|title=Human Dignity, Self-Worth and Humiliation: A Comparative Legal–Psychological Approach|journal=Psychology, Public Policy, and Law|date=2012|volume=18|issue=1|pages=105|doi=10.1037/a0024585}}</ref>
; Instrumentalization or [[objectification]]: This aspect refers to treating a person as an instrument or as means to achieve some other goal. This approach builds on [[Immanuel Kant]]'s moral imperative stipulating that we should treat people as ends or goals in themselves, namely as having ultimate moral worth which should not be instrumentalized.  
; Degradation: Violations of human dignity as degradation refer to acts that degrade the value of human beings. These are acts that, even if done by consent, convey a message that diminishes the importance or value of all human beings. They consist of practices and acts that modern society generally considers unacceptable for human beings, regardless of whether subjective humiliation is involved, such as selling oneself to [[slavery]], or when a state authority deliberately puts prisoners in inhuman living conditions. 
; [[Dehumanization]]: These are acts that strip a person or a group of their human characteristics. It may involve describing or treating them as animals or as a lower type of human beings. This has occurred in [[genocide]]s such as the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] and in [[Rwanda]] where the minority were compared to insects.