Editing Disassortative mating (section)

== In non-human species ==
Evidence from research regarding coloration in ''[[Heliconius]]'' butterflies suggests that disassortative mating is more likely to emerge when phenotypic variation is based on self-referencing (mate preference depends on phenotype of the choosing individual, therefore dominance in relationships influence the evolution of disassortative mating).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maisonneuve |first1=Ludovic |last2=Joron |first2=Mathieu |last3=Chouteau |first3=Mathieu |last4=Llaurens |first4=Violaine |title=Evolution and genetic architecture of disassortative mating at a locus under heterozygote advantage |journal=Evolution |year=2020 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.1111/evo.14129|biorxiv=10.1101/616409 |pmid=33210282|s2cid=227063195 }}</ref>

Disassortative mating has been found with traits such as body symmetry in [[Amphidromus inversus|''Amphridromus'' inversus]] snails. Normally in snails, rarely are individuals of the opposite coil able to mate with individuals of a normal coil pattern. However, it has been discovered that this species of snail frequents mating between individuals of opposing coils. It is said that the chirality of the spermatophore and the females reproductive tract have a greater chance of producing offspring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schilthuizen |first1=M. |title=Sexual selection maintains whole-body chiral dimorphism in snails |year=2007 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1941–1949 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01370.x |pmid=17714311 |pmc=2121153 }}</ref> This example of disassortative mating promotes polymorphism within the population.

In the scale eating predator fish, ''[[Perissodus microlepis]]'', disassortative mating allows the individuals with the rare phenotype of mouth-opening direction to have better success as predators.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hori |first1=Michio |title=Frequency-Dependent Natural Selection in the Handedness of Scale-Eating Cichlid Fish |year=1993 |volume=260 |issue=5105 |pages=216–219 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.260.5105.216 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.260.5105.216 |pmid=17807183 |bibcode=1993Sci...260..216H |s2cid=33113282 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

House mice conduct disassortative mating as they prefer mates genetically dissimilar to themselves. Specifically, odor profiles in mice are strongly linked to genotypes at the MHC loci controlling changes in the immune response. When MHC-heterozygous offspring are produced, it enhances their immunocompetence because of their ability to recognize a large range of pathogens.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penn |first1=Dustin |last2=Potts |first2=Wayne |title=The Evolution of Mating Preferences and Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes |year=1999 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/303166 |journal=The American Naturalist|volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1086/303166 |pmid=29578757 |bibcode=1999ANat..153..145P |s2cid=4398891 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Thus, the mice tend to prefer providing "good genes" to their offspring so they will mate with individuals with differences at the MHC loci.

In the seaweed fly, ''[[Coelopa frigida]]'', heterozygotes at the locus [[alcohol dehydrogenase]] (Adh) have been shown to express better fitness by having higher larval density and relative viability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Butlin |first1=R |last2=Collins |first2=P |last3=Day |first3=T |title=The effect of larval density on an inversion polymorphism in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida |year=1984 |journal=Heredity |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=415–423 |doi=10.1038/hdy.1984.49 |s2cid=20675225 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Females displayed disassortative mating in respect to the Adh locus because they would only mate with males of the opposite Adh genotype.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=T |last2=Butlin |first2=R |title=Non-random mating in natural populations of the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida |year=1987 |journal=Heredity |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=213–220 |doi=10.1038/hdy.1987.35 |s2cid=24811609 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is suspected that they do this to maintain genetic variation in the population. 

[[White-throated sparrow|White-throated sparrows]], ''Zonotrichia albicollis'', prefer strong disassortative mating behaviors regarding the color of their head stripe. The single locus that controls this expression is only observed in heterozygotes. Additionally, the heterozygote arrangement of chromosome 2 from disassortative mating produced offspring of high aggression which is shown to be a social behavior that allows them to dominate their opponents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horton |first1=Brent |title=Behavioral Characterization of a White-Throated Sparrow Homozygous for the ZAL2m Chromosomal Rearrangement |year=2013 |journal=Behavior Genetics|volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1007/s10519-012-9574-6 |pmid=23264208 |pmc=3552124 }}</ref>