Editing Doctor of Musical Arts (section)

== History ==
The doctor of musical arts (DMA) and doctor of music education (DME) are widely available in combination of degrees in performance (sometimes with a specialization in instrumental or voice pedagogy and/or music literature), composition, conducting, and music education. Some universities awarding doctoral degrees in these areas use the title [[Doctor of Music|doctor of music]] (DM or DMus) or [[Doctor of Arts|doctor of arts]] (DA)<ref>[http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/music/degree_programs/grad_degrees.html The University of Mississippi – Department of Music]</ref> or Doctor in Musical Studies (PhD) instead of DMA. The DMA degree was pioneered by [[Howard Hanson]] and the [[National Association of Schools of Music]], who approved the first DMA programs in 1952. Northwestern University, the University of Michigan, and the Eastman School of Music became the first to offer the DMA.<ref>Marvin Latimer, "The Nation's First D.M.A. in Choral Music," ''Journal of Historical Research in Music Education'', 32.1 (October 2010)</ref> [[Boston University]] offered its first DMA program in 1955. In 2005, Boston University also expanded into [[online music education]] by launching the first online doctoral degree in music, a DMA program (along with a [[Master of Music]] program) in [[music education]].

In 1952, after six years of deliberation, the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) approved thirty-two schools for graduate degrees for graduate work "in one or more of the fields into which graduate music study has been divided." The NASM was, and still is, the only accrediting agency for music schools recognized by the [[American Council on Education]]. In 1952, 143 music schools had already established standards for undergraduate degrees.<ref>"NTSTC One of 32 Colleges for Graduate Study in Music", ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'', December 31, 1942, Sec I, p. 6</ref> The national launch of DMA by institutions meeting criteria was 1953.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/10/25/archives/a-matter-of-degree-eastman-school-sets-up-doctorate-for-musicians.html|title=A Matter of Degree; Eastman School Sets Up Doctorate for Musicians|last=Taubman|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Taubman|date=1953-10-25|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

* [[Eastman School of Music]] (the DMA degree was approved by the State of New York Board of Regents in 1953)
* [[Boston University]]
* [[University of Southern California]]

The Director of the [[University of Rochester]] [[Eastman School of Music]], Howard Hanson (1896–1981), who had been awarded an honorary doctorate in 1925, was one of several high-profile advocates of creating a performance-oriented doctoral degree. Hanson was the Chair of the NASM and Music Teachers National Association (MTNA) Graduate Commission.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latimer|first=Marvin E.|date=2010|title=The Nation's First D.M.A. in Choral Music: History, Structure, and Pedagogical Implications|journal=Journal of Historical Research in Music Education|volume=32|issue=1|pages=19–36|issn=1536-6006|jstor=20789877|doi=10.1177/153660061003200103|doi-access=free}}</ref> This commission recommended that the terminal performance doctoral degree be established.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latimer|first=Marvin E.|date=2010|title=The Nation's First D.M.A. in Choral Music: History, Structure, and Pedagogical Implications|journal=Journal of Historical Research in Music Education|volume=32|issue=1|pages=19–36|issn=1536-6006|jstor=20789877|doi=10.1177/153660061003200103|doi-access=free}}</ref> This recommendation included that schools desiring to offer this degree seek the Graduate Commission's approval.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glidden|first=Robert|date=1982|title=The D.M.A.: An Historical Perspective|journal=Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the National Association of Schools of Music|pages=159}}</ref>

In 1953, he published a proposal for a doctor of musical arts degree, which was roundly criticized by [[Paul Henry Lang]], professor of musicology at [[Columbia University]].<ref>"New Degrees to Musicians – Dissenters Claim Title Not Necessary", ''[[Omaha World-Herald]]'', November 15, 1953, p. 9F</ref>

'''Early doctor of musical arts degrees conferred'''
* 1954: Mathias "Matt" Higgins Doran (born 1921), [[University of Southern California]]
* 1955: [[Will Gay Bottje]] (born 1925), [[Eastman School of Music]]—some sources attribute Bottje as having been the first in the nation to earn the degree<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6AAKBSlQAxMC&pg ''Howard Hanson: In Theory and Practice''], by Allen Laurence Cohen, p. 14, Praeger Publishers (2004) {{OCLC|52559264}} {{ISBN|9780313321351}}</ref>
* August 1955: Edward F. Gilday Jr., [[Boston University]]

'''Non-NASM institutions'''

The alumni of Music conservatories in the United States also seek positions at universities. The conservatories that are not affiliated with the [[National Association of Schools of Music]] began offering DMAs in the late 1960s.

* 1971: Margaret Hee-Leng Tan, [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]]—she is the first woman to earn a DMA from Juilliard; Juilliard added the degree in 1969, the year it moved to [[Lincoln Center]]