Editing Dormitory (section)

===United Kingdom===
====Historical development====
[[File:Aberdare Hall, Cardiff University.JPG|thumb|right|[[Aberdare Hall]] at [[Cardiff University]], built in 1895, one of the few remaining single-sex halls of residence in the UK]]
[[File:Norfolk Terrace.JPG|thumb|right|[[Denys Lasdun]]'s 'ziggurats' (1968), [[University of East Anglia]]]]

Until the mid 19th century, students at residential universities in England lived in [[residential college|colleges]], where they rented a set of unfurnished rooms, paid their own servants,  and bought their own meals. The first change from this came with the foundation of Bishop Hatfield's Hall (now [[Hatfield College]]) by [[David Melville (priest)|David Melville]] at [[Durham University]] in 1846. This introduced three key concepts: rooms would be let furnished, all meals would be taken communally, and all expenses would be reasonable and fixed in advance, which combined to make the cost of accommodation in the hall much lower than in colleges. Melville also introduced single room study-bedrooms and, in 1849, opened the first purpose-built hall of residence in the country at Hatfield.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/6952715.building-renamed-founders-honour/|work=The Northern Echo|title=Building renamed in founder's honour|date=7 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/learn/architecture/bailey/north-bailey/hatfield-college|website=Durham World Heritage Site|title=Hatfield College|at=University Accommodation: The First or Among the First|date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/media/durham-university/colleges/hatfield-college/resources/BriefHistoryofHatfield.pdf|title=History of Hatfield|pages=1,5|website= Durham University|access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> The Oxford University Commission of 1852 found that "The success that has attended Mr. Melville's labours in Hatfield Hall at Durham is regarded as a conclusive argument for imitating that institution in Oxford";<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPm9V0_lzUgC&pg=PA41|page=41|title=Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Into the State, Discipline, Studies, and Revenues of the University and Colleges of Oxford|date=1852| publisher=[[HMSO]]}}</ref> this report led to a requirement in the [[Oxford University Act 1854]] that Oxford allow the 
establishment of [[Private halls of the University of Oxford|private halls]], although these halls were never very successful.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rI8DDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|title=The University of Oxford: A History|author=L. W. B. Brockliss|publisher= Oxford University Press|date=15 April 2016|pages=353, 369, 370|isbn=978-0-19-101730-8 }}</ref>

The 19th century London colleges were originally non-residential. [[King's College London]] established a hall for theological students in a house adjacent to the college in 1847, although this only lasted until 1858.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp345-359#h3-0005|pages=345–349|chapter=The University of London: The Constituent Colleges|title=A History of the County of Middlesex|via=British History Online|date=1969|author1=J S Cockburn|author2= H P F King |author3=K G T McDonnell|
publisher=[[Victoria County History]]}}</ref> [[University Hall, Gordon Square|University Hall]] was opened in 1849 by a group of mainly [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] Dissenters for students at [[University College London]]. This also struggled until taken over by [[Manchester New College]] in 1881, after which it flourished for a period but was subsequently closed when that college moved to Oxford in 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/institutions/university_hall.htm|title=University Hall|access-date=18 December 2023|website=UCL Bloomsbury Project}}</ref> [[Bedford College, London]], at the time the only women's college in Britain, opened a residence in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/ea72edbf-ccfd-3a04-8a64-021e9779134f|title= Bedford College Papers|website=Archives Hub|access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> [[College Hall, London]] was established in 1882 for women students at University College London (which had become mixed a few years earlier) and the [[London School of Medicine for Women]]. Like the other London halls (with the exception of the Bedford College residence) this was initially private, but was taken over by the [[University of London]] in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/institutions/college_hall.htm|title=College Hall| access-date=19 December 2023|website=UCL Bloomsbury Project}}</ref>

The provincial university colleges that became the [[redbrick universities]] were established as non-residential institutions in the 19th century, but later became the universities most closely associated with the development of halls of residence (as distinct from the residential colleges of the older universities). [[William Whyte (historian)|William Whyte]] identifies four main drivers for the building of halls of residence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These were: firstly, for philanthropic reasons (often linked to religion), such as the Anglican [[St Anselm Hall]] (1872/1907) and the  Quaker Dalton Hall (1881), both at [[Owens College]] (now the [[University of Manchester]]); secondly, to provide safe accommodation for female undergraduates, who it was felt at that time could not live in lodgings; thirdly, to attract students from more distant parts of the country, particularly for university colleges  in smaller urban areas such as [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Exeter]] and [[Leicester]]; and fourthly, because residential provision was becoming seen as an essential element of university life, allowing for the development of community.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Halls of Residence at Britain's Civic Universities,1870–1970|author=[[William Whyte (historian)|William Whyte]]|pages=158, 159|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HohECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|title=Residential Institutions in Britain, 1725–1970: Inmates and Environments|editor1=Jane Hamlett|editor2=Lesley Hoskins|editor3=Rebecca Preston|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32026-5 }}</ref>

In 1925, the [[University Grants Committee (United Kingdom)|University Grants Committee]] identified the need for more halls of residence as the most urgent of its priorities.<ref name=HEPI>{{cite report|url=https://www.hepi.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/HEPI_Somewhere-to-live_Report-121-FINAL.pdf|title=Somewhere to live: Why British students study away from home – and why it matters|author= William Whyte |publisher=HEPI|number=121|date=November 2019}}</ref> A report for the [[Universities UK|Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals]] in 1948 found that, in 1937–38, the highest percentages of students in colleges and halls of residence (outside of Oxford and Cambridge) were at Exeter (79 per cent), Reading (76 per ent), Southampton (65 per cent), Nottingham (42 per cent), Bristol (36 per cent) and Durham (32 per cent across both Durham and Newcastle divisions); all other universities were below 25 per cent.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Planning of University Halls of Residence|date=1948|page=2|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPBBAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Funding in the post-war period led to the construction of many new halls, with 67 built between 1944 and 1957. Yet the expansion of higher education in this same period meant that the proportion of students in halls hardly increased: while between 1943 and 1963 the number of students living at home fell from 42 per cent to 20 per cent, the number in private lodgings increased from 33 per cent to 52 per cent, leading to the [[Robbins Report]] identifying a need for "a very great increase in the housing provided by universities".<ref name=HEPI/>

The post-war expansion in halls of residence meant universities looked for relatively cheap and quick construction, turning to functional [[modern architecture]] rather than the more traditional designs of earlier halls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/archive/collections/photographs/modernist-student-accommodation/|title=Back to School in the Mid-20th Century: Modernist Student Accommodation|website=[[Historic England]]|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> Notable architects involved in designing halls of residence in this period included [[Basil Spence]], who designed the University of Southampton's [[Highfield Campus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ribapix.com/chamberlain-hall-of-residence-highfield-campus-university-of-southampton-the-junior-common-room_riba49571 |title=Chamberlain Hall of Residence, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton: the Junior Common Room|website=[[RIBA]]|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> and the [[University of Sussex]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ribapix.com/Halls-of-Residence-University-of-Sussex-Falmer_RIBA74578|title=Halls of Residence, University of Sussex, Falmer|website=[[RIBA]]|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> [[Denys Lasdun]]'s "five minute university" at the [[University of East Anglia]], including its 'ziggurat' halls of residence,<ref>{{National Heritage List for England| num= 1390647 |desc= Norfolk Terrace and attached walkways, at the University of East Anglia |grade=II* |accessdate=10 August  2024}}</ref>  and [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]]'s [[Andrew Melville Hall]] at the [[University of St Andrews]], "one of the most significant post-war buildings in Scotland" according to [[Historic Environment Scotland]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB51846|desc=North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Andrew Melville Hall|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>

====Current halls of residence====
[[File:Nido 100 Middlesex Street.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chapter Spitalfields]], a private hall of residence in [[London]], England, was the tallest student accommodation building in the world when completed in 2010]]

Most UK universities provide accommodation in halls for first year students who make a firm acceptance of their offer, although this may not extend to students who enter via [[UCAS#Confirmation and clearing|clearing]]. Halls accommodation most commonly consists of shared flats, but rooms may also be arranged 'dorm-style' along corridors. Rooms may be en suite or there may be a shared bathroom for the flat or corridor. Halls may be catered, part-catered or self-catered. Most universities offer single-sex flats within halls and there are a few halls (such as [[Aberdare Hall]] at [[Cardiff University]]) that are entirely single-sex, but others (such as University College London) offer only mixed accommodation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/student-advice/before-you-start/student-halls-and-houses|title= Student halls and houses|website=Complete University Guide|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/accommodation/residences/aberdare-hall|title=Aberdare Hall|website=Cardiff University|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/accommodation/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently asked questions|website=UCL Accommodation|date=30 October 2018 |at= Can I apply for single-gender halls? |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/student-life/accommodation/apply/types-of-contracts-halls-and-rooms|title=Types of contracts, halls and rooms|website=LSE|at=Hall layouts|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> Most university or college-managed halls of residence are covered by [[Universities UK]] and [[Guild HE]]'s accommodation code of practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesac.org.uk/|website=The Student Accommodation Code|title=Your right to a quality home|access-date=28 December 2023|publisher=Universities UK and Guild HE}}</ref>

Private halls of residence, also known as purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA), are available in many university towns and cities. Many are covered by the Accreditation Network UK Code of Standards for Larger Developments,{{efn|The code defines a larger development as "a development where more than 15 students live in one building in rooms off a central corridor, in cluster flats, or in self-contained flats"}} and housing services at some universities (such as the University of London) will only list accredited PBSAs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://housing.london.ac.uk/find-accommodation/registered-independent-halls-residence|title=Registered Independent Halls of Residence|website=University of London Housing Services|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalcode.org/|title=National Code|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> Many halls are delivered in partnership between educational establishments and private developers, and both codes include the same methodology for defining whether a hall counts as "managed and controlled by an educational establishment", making it a university hall, or is a private hall.<ref>Annex A of the UUK/Guild HE code; Annex 1 of the ANUK code</ref> Private halls may include facilities such as common rooms, gyms and study spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://study-uk.britishcouncil.org/blog/10-things-to-consider-when-choosing-student-accommodation-in-uk|title=10 things to consider when choosing student accommodation in the UK|at=3. The different types of accommodation|website=[[British Council]]|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://accommodation.ucas.com/article/right-accommodation|title=How to find the right student accommodation for you|website=[[UCAS]]|date=16 January 2018 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> Private halls are often the most expensive accommodation option available in university towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theuniguide.co.uk/advice/student-accommodation/student-accommodation-private-student-halls|title=Student accommodation guide #3: private halls|website=UniGuide|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> Some of the companies which have developed such accommodation are based [[Offshore company|offshore]], which has led to concerns about tax avoidance and evasion of sanctions on Russian owners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/27/revealed-developers-cashing-in-privatisation-uk-student-housing|title=Revealed: the developers cashing in on privatisation of student housing|author1=Hilary Osborne|author2=Caelainn Barr|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/article/feeble-property-rules-keep-russian-owners-identities-in-the-shadows-qvkspvr99|title=Feeble property rules keep Russian owners' identities in the shadows|author=Jim Armitage|date=27 February 2022|work=The Times}}</ref>

In the 2021/22 academic year, 347,680 (16 per cent) of the UK's 2,185,665 students were living in accommodation maintained by their higher education provider (including 55,380 at universities with residential colleges rather than halls{{efn|The universities with residential colleges rather than halls are Cambridge, Durham, Kent, Lancaster, Oxford and York}}) and 200,895 (nine per cent) were in private-sector halls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/table-57|title=Table 57 - Full-time and sandwich HE student enrolments by HE provider and term-time accommodation 2014/15 to 2021/22|website=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency]]|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

Within London, the [[London Plan]] that was adopted in 2021 specified that PBSAs had to have a minimum of 35 per cent of rooms rented at 55 per cent or less of the maximum student loan for London. However, this has had the effect of making PBSAs not financially viable in more expensive areas of London, so development of new PBSAs has been primarily in outer London. A majority of rooms, including all of the affordable rooms, also had to be linked to a university via a contractural nomination agreement. As this puts financial risks on the institutions, particularly with uncertainties over international student recruitment, this has led to the four richest institutions ([[Imperial College London]], [[King's College London]], [[London School of Economics]] and [[University College London]]) dominating the supply of new halls. Analysis of student numbers in London has shown that, as of 2024, 111,000 students are guaranteed a place in halls (including contracted private halls) by their universities but that there were only around 100,000 beds in university halls and private PBSAs. This has led University College London to remove their housing guarantee for incoming students and replace it with a system of priority groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2024/06/03/the-london-plan-and-purpose-built-student-accommodation-three-years-on-panacea-for-growth-or-painful-progress/|title=The London Plan and Purpose Built Student Accommodation Three Years On – Panacea for Growth or Painful Progress?|website=Higher Education Policy Institute|date=3 June 2024|author= David Tymms}}</ref>

Studies in Australia, New Zealand and the UK have shown that international students prefer to live in PBSAs while domestic students prefer [[houses in multiple occupation]], raising concerns that PBSAs drive geographies of exclusion, with international and domestic students becoming segregated.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Housing Policy Debate|year=2024|volume= 34|issue= 5|pages=746–768|doi=10.1080/10511482.2022.2137379|title=Exploring Student Housing Demand, Supply Side and Planning Policy Responses in a Small University City: Studentification in Durham, UK|first1=Christopher|last1= Wilkinson |first2= Paul|last2= Greenhalgh|doi-access=free}}</ref>