Editing Drum rudiment (section)

=== French ===
French rudiments were influenced by the Swiss and then later contributed back to the specific Basel culture in a two-way exchange. [[Thoinot Arbeau]]'s ''Orchesographie'' of 1588 is commonly cited as one of the first "rudimental" texts, though its actual use of notation is limited.<ref>Arbeau, Thoinot. ''Orchesographie, Metode et Teorie.'' France, 1588.</ref> French professional drummers became part of the king's honor guard in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1754 {{ill|Joseph-Henri de Bombelles|fr|vertical-align=sup}} published ''Instruction pour les Tambours,'' which was one of the earliest military drum manuals to codify a specific national duty in legible drum notation.<ref>Bouzzard, Thierry. ''L’Instruction pour les Tambours 1754.'' Theatrum Belli, 2013.</ref> The craft was improved during the reign of [[Napoleon I]]. The French dance known as [[Le Rigodon]] is one of the cornerstones of modern rudimental drumming.<ref name="pfyffersyte.ch">{{cite web |url=http://www.pfyffersyte.ch/files/repertoire/hit2005_PundT.php |title=Basler Pfyffersyte - Repertoire vo de Clique 2005 |access-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200552/http://www.pfyffersyte.ch/files/repertoire/hit2005_PundT.php |archive-date=18 February 2012  }}</ref><!--work--> [[Jean-Georges Kastner|Kastner]]'s ''Manuel Général de Musique Militaire a L’Usage des Armées Françaises'' from 1848 <ref>Kastner, Georges. ''Manuel Général de Musique Militaire a L’Usage des Armées Françaises.'' Paris: Firmin Didot Fréres de l’Institute de France, 1848.</ref> details the rudimental signals starting as far back as the 17th century and works up through the variations to his contemporary mid-19th century usage, showing that the complexity of French drumming increased significantly over time.

At least 5 French military manuals appeared between 1870 and 1900, beginning with Félix Carnaud's ''École du Tambour''<ref>Carnaud, Felix. ''Ecole du Tambour.'' Paris, 1870.</ref> from 1870 and N. Pita's ''Methode de Tambour'' from 1885,<ref>Pita, N. ''Methode de Tambour. Paris: Tilliard, 1885''</ref> followed closely and expanded upon by H. Broutin (1889), Théophile Dureau (1895), and E. Reveillé (1897).

In the 20th century, {{ill|Henri Kling|nl|vertical-align=sup}} published his ''Méthode de Tambour '' in 1901.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kling|first=Henri|title=Methode de Tambour|publisher=Imprimerie Générale Durdilly|year=1901|location=Paris}}</ref> Robert Tourte's ''Méthode de Tambour et Caisse Claire d'Orchestre''<ref>Tourte, Robert. ''Méthode de Tambour et Caisse Claire d'Orchestre''. Paris: Editions Salabert, 1946.</ref> was published in 1946 and combined a selection of 34 rudiments and the classic French military calls with studies of common orchestral excerpts such as [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s Scheherezade and [[Maurice Ravel]]'s Bolero. The French system is complex and expansive, rivaled in scope only by the Swiss, American, and Scottish systems. Between 30 and 34 rudiments have normally been taught from the mid-20th century onward,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://luchesi.free.fr/tambour/index.htm |title = Méthode de Tambour d'ordonnance}}</ref><ref>http://www.batterie-fanfare.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Programme-de-formation-instr-Cadres-BF-Mag.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> from a historical catalog of over 70 rudiment variations.