Editing Duluth, Minnesota (section)

===Permanent settlement===
[[File:Minnesota Point.jpg|thumb|Minnesota Point from the hill above Duluth in 1875]]
[[File:Jay Cooke.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of [[Jay Cooke]] by [[Henry Shrady]], located in Jay Cooke Plaza]]

As European Americans continued to settle and encroach on Ojibwe lands, the U.S. government made a series of treaties, executed between 1837 and 1889, that expropriated vast areas of tribal lands for their use and subsequently relegated the Native American peoples to a number of small reservations. Interest in the area was piqued in the 1850s by rumors of [[copper mining]]. A government land survey in 1852, followed by a treaty with local tribes in 1854, secured wilderness lands for gold-seeking explorers, sparked a [[land run|land rush]], and led to the development of [[iron ore]] mining in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Duluth, Minnesota |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2126.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630182218/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2126.html |archive-date=June 30, 2011 |access-date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> The 1854 Ojibwe Land Cession Treaty would force the Ojibwe onto what are now known as the Fond du Lac and Grand Portage Reservations, though some land rights such as hunting and fishing were retained.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1854: Ojibwe |url=http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1854-ojibwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721024744/http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1854-ojibwe |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2020 |website=Treaties Matter}}</ref>

Around the same time, newly constructed [[channel (geography)|channels]] and [[canal lock|locks]] in the East permitted large ships to access the area. A road connecting Duluth to the [[Minneapolis–St. Paul|Twin Cities]] was also constructed. Eleven small towns on both sides of the [[Saint Louis River (Lake Superior tributary)|St. Louis River]] were formed, establishing Duluth's roots as a city.

By 1857, copper resources were scarce and the area's economic focus shifted to timber harvesting. A nationwide financial crisis, the [[Panic of 1857]], caused most of the city's early pioneers to leave. A history of Duluth written in 1910 says: "Of the handful remaining in 1859 four men were unemployed and one of those was a brewer. Capital idea; build a brewery. The absence of malt and hops and barley did not at all embarrass those stout-hearted settlers."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Woodbridge |first1=Dwight Edwards |last2=Pardee |first2=John Stone |year=1910 |title=History of Duluth and St. Louis County Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeTGZQETyxIC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518123059/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeTGZQETyxIC |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> The water for brewing was obtained from a stream that emptied into Lake Superior that came to be called Brewery Creek. While the brewery "was not a pecuniary success", it became the [[Fitger Brewing Company]] a few decades later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitger's Brewhouse |url=https://fitgersbrewhouse.com/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111033928/http://fitgersbrewhouse.com/history/ |archive-date=November 11, 2017 |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref>

The opening of the canal at [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]] in 1855 and the contemporaneous announcement of the railroads' approach made Duluth the only port with access to both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Soon, the lumber industry, railroads, and mining were all growing so quickly that the influx of workers could hardly keep up with demand; storefronts popped up almost overnight. By 1868, business in Duluth was booming. In a [[Fourth of July]] speech, Thomas Preston Foster, the founder of Duluth's first newspaper, coined the expression "The Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas".

In 1869–70, Duluth was the fastest-growing city in the country and was expected to surpass Chicago in only a few years.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hudelson |first1=Richard |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttv8km |title=By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth |last2=Ross |first2=Carl |date=2006 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4636-4 |edition=NED - New |pages=2 |jstor=10.5749/j.ctttv8km |access-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309024351/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttv8km |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> When [[Jay Cooke]], a wealthy [[Philadelphia]] land speculator, convinced the [[Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad]] to create an extension from [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] to Duluth, the railroad opened areas due north and west of Lake Superior to [[iron ore]] mining. Duluth's population on New Year's Day of 1869 consisted of 14 families; by the [[Fourth of July]], 3,500 people were present to celebrate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunt |first1=Walter Van |title=Duluth and St. Louis County, Minnesota; Their Story and People: An Authentic Narrative of the Past, with Particular Attention to the Modern Era in the Commercial, Industrial, Educational, Civic and Social Development |date=1921 |publisher=American Historical Society |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flM0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In the first ''Duluth Minnesotian'' printed on August 24, 1869, the editor placed the following notice on the editorial page:
{{Blockquote|text=Newcomers should comprehend that Duluth is at present a small place, and hotel and boarding room accommodation is extremely limited. However, lumber is cheap and shanties can be built. Everyone should bring blankets and come prepared to rough it at first.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Woodbridge |first1=Dwight Edwards |last2=Pardee |first2=John Stone |year=1910 |title=History of Duluth and St. Louis County, Past and Present, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeTGZQETyxIC&q=Newcomers+should+comprehend+that+Duluth+is+at+present+a+small+place%2C+and+hotel+and+boarding+room+accommodation+is+extremely+limited.+However%2C+lumber+is+cheap+and+shanties+can+be+built.+Everyone+should+bring+blankets+and+come+prepared+to+rough+it.%22&pg=PA173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518123124/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeTGZQETyxIC&q=Newcomers+should+comprehend+that+Duluth+is+at+present+a+small+place%2C+and+hotel+and+boarding+room+accommodation+is+extremely+limited.+However%2C+lumber+is+cheap+and+shanties+can+be+built.+Everyone+should+bring+blankets+and+come+prepared+to+rough+it.%22&pg=PA173 |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |access-date=July 21, 2017}}</ref>}}

In 1873, Cooke's empire crumbled, and the [[Panic of 1873|stock market crashed]], causing Duluth to almost disappear from the map. But by the late 1870s, with the continued boom in lumber and mining and the completion of the railroads, Duluth bloomed again. By the turn of the century, it had almost 100,000 inhabitants and was again a thriving community with small-business loans, commerce, and trade flowing through the city. Mining continued in the [[Mesabi Range]], and iron was shipped east to mills in Ohio. The trade continued into the 20th century.
{{Clear|left}}

===="The Untold Delights of Duluth"====
Early doubts about the Duluth area's potential were voiced in "The Untold Delights of Duluth," a speech U.S. Representative [[J. Proctor Knott]] of [[Kentucky]] gave in the U.S. House of Representatives on January 27, 1871. His speech opposing the St. Croix and Superior Land Grant lampooned Western [[boosterism]], portraying Duluth as an Eden in fantastically florid terms. The speech has been reprinted in collections of folklore and humorous speeches and is regarded as a classic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Untold Delights Of Duluth: {{!}} ''American Heritage''<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/untold-delights-duluth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329000721/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/untold-delights-duluth |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2012}}</ref> The nearby city of [[Proctor, Minnesota]], is named after Knott.

Duluth's unofficial sister city, [[Duluth, Georgia]], got its name in 1871 shortly after Knott's speech gained national attention. Prominent Georgia newspaperman and politician [[Evan Howell]] had been called upon to make remarks at the dedication of a new railroad line into Howell's Crossing, a village named for his grandfather. There, Howell humorously suggested that the community be called "Duluth" instead, and townspeople agreed.

Proctor Knott is sometimes credited with characterizing Duluth as the "zenith city of the unsalted seas," but the honor for that coinage belongs to journalist Thomas Preston Foster, who spoke at a Fourth of July picnic in 1868.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Dora Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADOlAAAACAAJ&q=This+is+duluth |title=This is Duluth |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-889924-03-8 |page=281 |publisher=Paradigm Press |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518123101/https://books.google.com/books?id=ADOlAAAACAAJ&q=This+is+duluth |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{wide image|General view from bluffs, Duluth, Minn. c1898.jpg|900px|Duluth panoramic view, {{Circa|1898}}}}