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Ear
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===Inner ear=== [[File:Blausen 0329 EarAnatomy InternalEar.png|350px|thumbnail|right|The outer ear receives sound, transmitted through the [[ossicles]] of the middle ear to the [[inner ear]], where it is converted to a nervous signal in the [[cochlear nerve|cochlear]] and transmitted along the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]].]]{{main|Inner ear}} The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the [[bony labyrinth]]. A central area known as the [[vestibule of the ear|vestibule]] contains two small fluid-filled recesses, called the [[Utricle (ear)|utricle]] and [[saccule]]. These connect to the [[semicircular canal]]s and the [[cochlea]]. There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance. The cochlea is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the [[membranous labyrinth]].<ref name="GRAYS40TH_37">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|editor1-last=Borley|editor1-first=Neil R.|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|date=2008|publisher=[[Churchill Livingstone]]/[[Elsevier]]|location=[[Edinburgh]]|isbn=978-0-443-06684-9|edition=40|pages=Chapter 37. "Inner ear", 633–650}}</ref> The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth, contained within the temporal bone. The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window, which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear. Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called [[endolymph]], which fills the membranous labyrinth. The endolymph is situated in two vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and eventually transmits to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure. The cochlea consists of three fluid-filled spaces: the [[vestibular duct]], the [[cochlear duct]], and the [[tympanic duct]].<ref name="GRAYS2005" /> [[Hair cell]]s responsible for [[transduction (physiology)|transduction]]—changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the [[organ of Corti]] in the cochlea.<ref name="GRAYS40TH_37" />
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