Editing Edward Jenner (section)

== Zoology ==
[[File:Cuculus canorus.jpg|thumb|[[Common cuckoo]]]]

Jenner was elected fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1788, following his publication of a careful study of the previously misunderstood life of the nested [[common cuckoo|cuckoo]], a study that combined observation, experiment, and dissection.

Jenner described how the newly hatched cuckoo pushed its host's eggs and fledgling chicks out of the nest (contrary to existing belief that the adult cuckoo did it).<ref>[http://www.jennermuseum.com/ej/cuckoo.shtml Jenner Museum: Cuckoo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923015150/http://www.jennermuseum.com/ej/cuckoo.shtml |date=23 September 2009 }}</ref> Having observed this behaviour, Jenner demonstrated an anatomical adaptation for it{{snd}}the baby cuckoo has a depression in its back, not present after 12 days of life, that enables it to cup eggs and other chicks. The adult does not remain long enough in the area to perform this task. Jenner's findings were published in ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' in 1788.<ref>"Observations on the Natural History of the Cuckoo". By Mr. Edward Jenner. In a Letter to John Hunter, Esq. F.R.S. Jenner, E Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776–1886). 1788. 78:219–237 [https://archive.org/details/philtrans06624558 (Archived Text)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3366/anh.2011.0030 | volume=38 | title=Cuckoo chicks evicting their nest mates: coincidental observations by Edward Jenner in England and Antoine Joseph Lottinger in France | year=2011 | journal=Archives of Natural History | pages=220–228 | author=Sealy Spencer G| issue=2 }}</ref>

"The singularity of its shape is well adapted to these purposes; for, different from other newly hatched birds, its back from the scapula downwards is very broad, with a considerable depression in the middle. This depression seems formed by nature for the design of giving a more secure lodgement to the egg of the Hedge-sparrow, or its young one, when the young Cuckoo is employed in removing either of them from the nest. When it is about twelve days old, this cavity is quite filled up, and then the back assumes the shape of nestling birds in general."<ref>(Letter to Hunter at the Royal Society, as above)</ref> Jenner's nephew assisted in the study. He was born on 30 June 1737.

Jenner's understanding of the cuckoo's behaviour was not entirely believed until the artist [[Jemima Blackburn]], a keen observer of birdlife, saw a blind nestling pushing out a host's egg. Blackburn's description and illustration were enough to convince [[Charles Darwin]] to revise a later edition of ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women|date=2006}}</ref>

Jenner's interest in zoology played a large role in his first experiment with inoculation. Not only did he have a profound understanding of human anatomy due to his medical training, but he also understood animal biology and its role in human-animal trans-species boundaries in disease transmission.  At the time, there was no way of knowing how important this connection would be to the history and discovery of vaccinations.  We see this connection now; many present-day vaccinations include animal parts from cows, rabbits, and chicken eggs, which can be attributed to the work of Jenner and his cowpox/smallpox vaccination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|year=2005|title=The History of Vaccines and Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges|journal=Health Affairs|volume=24|issue=3|pages=611–621|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611|pmid=15886151|doi-access=free}}</ref>