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Enlightened absolutism
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== Associated rulers == <gallery align="center" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="Examples of enlightened absolutist monarchs"> File:Catherine II by J.B.Lampi (1794, Hermitage).jpg|[[Catherine the Great|Catherine II of Russia]] File:Charles III of Spain high resolution.jpg|[[Charles III of Spain]] File:Friedrich II., König von Preußen (Frisch).jpg|[[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] File:Gustav III by Alexander Roslin - no frame (Nationalmuseum, 15330).png|[[Gustav III|Gustav III of Sweden]] File:Portrait of Joseph Emanuel, King of Portugal (1773) - Miguel António do Amaral.png|[[Joseph I of Portugal]] File:Anton von Maron 006.png|[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] File:François Gerard - Napoleon I in Coronation Robes.jpeg|[[Napoleon|Napoleon I of France]] File:Prinz Otto von Bayern Koenig von Griechenland 1833.jpg|[[Otto of Greece]] </gallery> * [[Peter the Great|Peter the Great of Russia]] (1682–1725) * [[Catherine the Great|Catherine the Great of Russia]] (1762–1796)<ref>* McKay, ''A History of Western Society'', Houghton Mifflin, 2006, pp. 616–619 * R. K. Massie, ''Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman'', Random House, 2012</ref> * [[Frederick the Great|Frederick the Great of Prussia]] (1740–1786)<ref>H. M. Scott, 1990, pp. 265ff.</ref> * [[Charles III of Spain]] (1759–1788)<ref name="H.M. Scott, 1990, p. 1">H. M. Scott, 1990, p. 1.</ref> * [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as First Consul of French Republic (1799–1804) and as Emperor of [[The First French Empire]] (1804–1814). * [[Frederick VI of Denmark]] (1808–1839)<ref name="H. Arnold Barton 1986">H. Arnold Barton, ''Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era 1760–1815'', University of Minnesota Press, 1986, pp. 142ff. {{ISBN|0-8166-1392-3}}.</ref> * [[Gustav III|Gustav III of Sweden]] (1771–1792)<ref name="H. Arnold Barton 1986"/> * [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (1765–1790)<ref name="H.M. Scott, 1990, p. 1"/> * [[Joseph I of Portugal]] (through his minister, the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]]) (1750–1777) * [[Maria Theresa]] (1740–1780) * [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] (1765–1790)<ref name="H.M. Scott, 1990, p. 1"/> * [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV of Naples]] (1816–1825) * [[Maria Carolina of Austria]], [[List of Neapolitan royal consorts|Queen of Naples]]<ref>Bearne, Catherine Mary (1907). ''A Sister of Marie Antoinette: The Life-Story of Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples''. London: T. Fisher Unwin, p. 142.</ref> [[List of Sicilian royal consorts|and Sicily]] (1768–1814) * [[Christian VII of Denmark]] (through his minister [[Johann Friedrich Struensee]]) (1770–1772) * [[Philip, Duke of Parma]] (through his minister [[Guillaume du Tillot]]) (1748–1765) * [[Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena]] (1737–1780) * [[Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena]] (1780–1796) * [[Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia]] (1730–1773) * [[Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia]] (1773–1796) * [[Otto of Greece]] (1832-1862) * [[Mihailo Obrenović|Mihailo Obrenović III of Serbia]] (1839–1842, 1860–1868)
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