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Enterotoxin
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=== Viral === Viruses in the families ''[[Reoviridae]]'', ''[[Caliciviridae]]'', and ''[[Astroviridae]]'' are responsible for a huge percentage of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. [[Rotavirus]]es (of ''Reoviridae'') have been found to contain an '''enterotoxin''' which plays a role in viral pathogenesis. '''NSP4''', is a protein that is made during the intracellular phase of the virion's life cycle and is known to have a primary function in intracellular virion maturation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Sue E. |last2=Ramani |first2=Sasirekha |last3=Tate |first3=Jacqueline E. |last4=Parashar |first4=Umesh D. |last5=Svensson |first5=Lennart |last6=Hagbom |first6=Marie |last7=Franco |first7=Manuel A. |last8=Greenberg |first8=Harry B. |last9=O'Ryan |first9=Miguel |last10=Kang |first10=Gagandeep |last11=Desselberger |first11=Ulrich |last12=Estes |first12=Mary K. |title=Rotavirus infection |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=9 November 2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=17083 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83 |pmid=29119972 |pmc=5858916 }}</ref> However, when NSP4 from group A Rotaviruses was purified (4 alleles tested), concentrated, and injected into a mouse model, diarrheal disease mimicking that caused by Rotavirus infection commenced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horie |first1=Y. |last2=Nakagomi |first2=O. |last3=Koshimura |first3=Y. |last4=Nakagomi |first4=T. |last5=Suzuki |first5=Y. |last6=Oka |first6=T. |last7=Sasaki |first7=S. |last8=Matsuda |first8=Y. |last9=Watanabe |first9=S. |title=Diarrhea Induction by Rotavirus NSP4 in the Homologous Mouse Model System |journal=Virology |date=September 1999 |volume=262 |issue=2 |pages=398β407 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9912 |pmid=10502518 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A putative mode of toxicity is that NSP4 activates a signal transduction pathway that ultimately results in an increased cellular concentration of calcium and subsequent chloride secretion from the cell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Mingdong |last2=Zeng |first2=Carl Q.-Y. |last3=Morris |first3=Andrew P. |last4=Estes |first4=Mary K. |title=A Functional NSP4 Enterotoxin Peptide Secreted from Rotavirus-Infected Cells |journal=Journal of Virology |date=15 December 2000 |volume=74 |issue=24 |pages=11663β11670 |doi=10.1128/JVI.74.24.11663-11670.2000 |pmid=11090165 |pmc=112448 }}</ref> Secretion of ions from villi lining the gut alter normal osmotic pressures and prevent uptake of water, eventually causing diarrhea. * ''[[Rotavirus]]'' ([[NSP4 (rotavirus)|NSP4]])
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