Editing European roller (section)

==Migration==
The advent of sufficiently lightweight tracking technology has facilitated several recent studies of roller [[Animal migration|migration]], providing new information on the non-breeding sites used by European rollers from different breeding populations. Individuals from south-west European populations migrate to Angola, Namibia and Botswana; French and north Spanish birds take a direct southerly route across the Sahara, while Portuguese and south Spanish birds take a more westerly route around the west African coast.<ref name="Emmenegger2013">{{cite journal|last1=Emmenegger|first1=T. |last2=Mayet|first2=P. |last3=Duriez|first3=O. |last4=Hahn|first4=S. |title=Directional shifts in migration pattern of rollers (''Coracias garrulus'') from a western European population|journal=Journal of Ornithology|date=2013|volume=155 |issue=2|pages=427–433 |doi=10.1007/s10336-013-1023-7|s2cid=15263301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Catry|first1=I. |last2=Catry|first2=T. |last3=Granadeiro|first3=J. P. |last4=Franco |first4=A. M. A. |last5=Moreira|first5=F. |date=2014 |title=Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=1071–1075 |doi=10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x |bibcode=2014JOrni.155.1071C |s2cid=17800650}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Ruiz |first1=J. |last2=De la Puente|first2=J. |last3=Parejo|first3=D. |last4=Valera|first4=F. |last5=Calero-Torralbo|first5=M. A. |last6=Reyes-González|first6=J. M. |last7=Zajková|first7=Z. |last8=Bermejo |first8=A. |last9=Avilés|first9=J. M. |date=2014 |title=Disentangling Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Iberian Near-Threatened European Rollers ''Coracias garrulus''|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=12|pages=e115615 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0115615|pmid=25551212|pmc=4281181 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k5615R |doi-access=free}}</ref> European rollers from eastern European populations also spend the winter period in southern Africa, but further east in [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Botswana]]. Some population migrate through western [[India]] during August to November. The [[Sahel]] savannah region immediately south of the Sahara Desert, particularly the area around [[Lake Chad]], appears to be important for European rollers from many populations as an autumn re-fuelling site, and Latvian and other north and north-eastern populations migrate northwards via the Arabian Peninsula in spring.<ref name="Finch 1051–1062">{{Cite journal|last1=Finch|first1=T. |last2=Saunders |first2=P. |last3=Avilés|first3=J. M. |last4=Bermejo|first4=A. |last5=Catry|first5=I. |last6=de la Puente|first6=J. |last7=Emmenegger |first7=T. |last8=Mardega |first8=I. |last9=Mayet|first9=P. |date=2015 |title=A pan-European, multipopulation assessment of migratory connectivity in a near-threatened migrant bird |journal=Diversity and Distributions |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=1051–1062 |doi=10.1111/ddi.12345 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2015DivDi..21.1051F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Finch|first1=T. |last2=Dunning|first2=J. |last3=Kiss|first3=O. |last4=Račinskis|first4=E. |last5=Schwartz |first5=T. |last6=Sniauksta|first6=L. |last7=Szekeres|first7=O. |last8=Tokody|first8=B. |last9=Franco|first9=A. |date=2017 |title=Insights into the migration of the European Roller from ring recoveries |journal=Journal of Ornithology|volume=158|issue=1|pages=83–90 |doi=10.1007/s10336-016-1374-y |pmid=32355602 |pmc=7175680 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017JOrni.158...83F }}</ref> Individuals from different breeding populations use distinct but overlapping winter sites; there is a correlation between the longitude of individual breeding and non-breeding sites, suggesting parallel migration. In the east, the northernmost breeders from Latvia tend to winter south of the southernmost breeders from Cyprus, indicating a pattern of 'leap-frog' migration.<ref name="Finch 1051–1062"/>