Editing F-statistics (section)

=== Fixation index in human populations ===

It is well established that the genetic diversity among human populations is low,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrg2611 |title=Genetics in geographically structured populations: Defining, estimating and interpreting FST |year=2009 |last1=Holsinger |first1=Kent E. |last2=Weir |first2=Bruce S. |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=639–50 |pmid=19687804|pmc=4687486 }}</ref> although the distribution of the genetic diversity was only roughly estimated. Early studies argued that 85–90% of the genetic variation is found within individuals residing in the same populations within continents (intra-continental populations) and only an additional 10–15% is found between populations of different continents (continental populations).<ref>{{cite book |author=Lewontin |chapter=The Apportionment of Human Diversity |title=Evolutionary Biology |volume=6 |pages=381–98 |year=1972 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14 |isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Anne M. |last1=Bowcock |first2=Judith R. |last2=Kidd |first3=Joanna L. |last3=Mountain |first4=Joan M. |last4=Herbert |first5=Luciano |last5=Carotenuto |first6=Kenneth K. |last6=Kidd |first7=Luca |last7=Cavalli-Sforza |bibcode=1991PNAS...88..839B |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.3.839 |jstor=2356081 |title=Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: A study with DNA polymorphisms |year=1991 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=839–43 |pmid=1992475 |pmc=50909|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9114021 |year=1997 |last1=Barbujani |first1=Guido |last2=Magagni |first2=Arianna |last3=Minch |first3=Eric |last4=Cavalli-Sforza |first4=L. Luca |title=An apportionment of human DNA diversity |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=4516–9 |pmc=20754 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.9.4516 |jstor=42042 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.4516B|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/302825 |title=The Distribution of Human Genetic Diversity: A Comparison of Mitochondrial, Autosomal, and Y-Chromosome Data |year=2000 |last1=Jorde |first1=L.B. |last2=Watkins |first2=W.S. |last3=Bamshad |first3=M.J. |last4=Dixon |first4=M.E. |last5=Ricker |first5=C.E. |last6=Seielstad |first6=M.T. |last7=Batzer |first7=M.A. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=979–88 |pmid=10712212 |pmc=1288178}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng1435 |title=Genetic variation, classification and 'race' |year=2004 |last1=Jorde |first1=Lynn B |last2=Wooding |first2=Stephen P |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=36 |issue=11s |pages=S28-33 |pmid=15508000|doi-access=free }}</ref> Later studies based on hundreds of thousands [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNPs) suggested that the genetic diversity between continental populations is even smaller and accounts for 3 to 7%<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-006-0041-1 |title=Similarity of the allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms in drug-related gene loci between Thai and northern East Asian populations: Implications for tagging SNP selection in Thais |year=2006 |last1=Mahasirimongkol |first1=Surakameth |last2=Chantratita |first2=Wasun |last3=Promso |first3=Somying |last4=Pasomsab |first4=Ekawat |last5=Jinawath |first5=Natini |last6=Jongjaroenprasert |first6=Wallaya |last7=Lulitanond |first7=Viraphong |last8=Krittayapoositpot |first8=Phanida |last9=Tongsima |first9=Sissades |display-authors= 4 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=896–904 |pmid=16957813|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-54 |title=Population substructure in Finland and Sweden revealed by the use of spatial coordinates and a small number of unlinked autosomal SNPs |year=2008 |last1=Hannelius |first1=Ulf |last2=Salmela |first2=Elina |last3=Lappalainen |first3=Tuuli |last4=Guillot |first4=Gilles |last5=Lindgren |first5=Cecilia M |last6=Von Döbeln |first6=Ulrika |last7=Lahermo |first7=Päivi |last8=Kere |first8=Juha |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=9 |pages=54 |pmid=18713460 |pmc=2527025 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049 |title=Correlation between Genetic and Geographic Structure in Europe |year=2008 |last1=Lao |first1=Oscar |last2=Lu |first2=Timothy T. |last3=Nothnagel |first3=Michael |last4=Junge |first4=Olaf |last5=Freitag-Wolf |first5=Sandra |last6=Caliebe |first6=Amke |last7=Balascakova |first7=Miroslava |last8=Bertranpetit |first8=Jaume |last9=Bindoff |first9=Laurence A. |display-authors= 4 |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=16 |pages=1241–8 |pmid=18691889|doi-access=free |bibcode=2008CBio...18.1241L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.015 |title=Genome-wide Insights into the Patterns and Determinants of Fine-Scale Population Structure in Humans |year=2009 |last1=Biswas |first1=Shameek |last2=Scheinfeldt |first2=Laura B. |last3=Akey |first3=Joshua M. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=641–650 |pmid=19442770 |pmc=2681007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East |year=2009 |editor1-last=Fleischer |editor1-first=Robert C |last1=Nelis |first1=Mari |last2=Esko |first2=Tõnu |last3=Mägi |first3=Reedik |last4=Zimprich |first4=Fritz |last5=Zimprich |first5=Alexander |last6=Toncheva |first6=Draga |last7=Karachanak |first7=Sena |last8=Piskácková |first8=Tereza |last9=Balašcák |first9=Ivan |display-authors= 4 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5472 |pmid=19424496 |pmc=2675054|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.5472N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature08365 |title=Reconstructing Indian population history |year=2009 |last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Thangaraj |first2=Kumarasamy |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Price |first4=Alkes L. |last5=Singh |first5=Lalji |display-authors= 4 |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7263 |pages=489–94 |pmid=19779445 |pmc=2842210|bibcode = 2009Natur.461..489R }}</ref> A later study based on three million SNPs found that 12% of the genetic variation is found between continental populations and only 1% within them.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2012 |last1=Elhaik |first1=E |title=Empirical Distributions of FST from Large-Scale Human Polymorphism Data |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e49837 |pmc=3504095 |journal=PLOS ONE |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049837 |pmid=23185452|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749837E |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most of these studies have used the [[Fixation index|''F''<sub>''ST''</sub>]] statistics <ref>{{cite journal |first1=Sewall |last1=Wright |year=1965 |title=The Interpretation of Population Structure by F-Statistics with Special Regard to Systems of Mating |journal=Evolution |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=395–420 |jstor=2406450 |doi=10.2307/2406450}}</ref> or closely related statistics.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00071669108417396 |title=Long-term goose breeding for egg production and crammed liver weight |year=1991 |last1=Shalev |first1=B. A. |last2=Dvorin |first2=A. |last3=Herman |first3=R. |last4=Katz |first4=Z. |last5=Bornstein |first5=S. |journal=British Poultry Science |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=703–9 |pmid=1933444}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1644282 |year=1992 |last1=Excoffier |first1=L |last2=Smouse |first2=PE |last3=Quattro |first3=JM |title=Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: Application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=479–91 |pmc=1205020 |journal=Genetics|doi=10.1093/genetics/131.2.479 }}</ref>