Editing Face transplant (section)

===Partial face transplant===
====France====
The world's first partial face transplant on a living human was carried out on 27 November 2005<ref name="titleBBC NEWS | Health | 'My face transplant saved me'">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6058696.stm|title=My face transplant saved me|last=Austin|first=Naomi|date=17 October 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=25 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4484728.stm|title=Woman has first face transplant|date=30 November 2005|access-date=10 May 2011|work=BBC News}}</ref> by [[Bernard Devauchelle]], an [[oral and maxillofacial surgeon]], Benoit Lengelé, a Belgian plastic surgeon, and [[Jean-Michel Dubernard]] in [[Amiens]], France.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alberti|first=Fay Bound|date=2017-09-01|title=From Face/Off to the face race: the case of Isabelle Dinoire and the future of the face transplant|url=https://mh.bmj.com/content/43/3/148|journal=Medical Humanities|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=148–154|doi=10.1136/medhum-2016-011113|issn=1468-215X|pmid=27941098|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Isabelle Dinoire]]<ref name="titleBBC NEWS | Health | 'My face transplant saved me'" /> underwent surgery to replace her original face, which had been mauled by her dog. A triangle of face tissue from a brain-dead woman's nose and mouth was grafted onto the patient. On 13 December 2007, the first detailed report of the progress of this transplant after 18 months was released in the ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' and documents that the patient was happy with the results but also that the journey has been very difficult, especially with respect to her immune system's response.<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/24/2451 Outcomes 18 Months after the First Human Partial Face Transplantation], ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'', 13 December 2007</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/12/AR2007121202012.html "Face-Transplant Patient 'Satisfied': Some Who Criticized Procedure Are Impressed With Results"], By Rick Weiss, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Thursday, 13 December 2007; p. A22</ref> Dinoire died on 22 April 2016
at the age of 49 following cancer from medications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/06/health/france-face-transplant-patient-dies/index.html|title = First face transplant patient, Isabelle Dinoire, dies at 49|website = [[CNN]]|date = 6 September 2016}}</ref>

A 29-year-old French man underwent surgery in 2007. He had a facial tumor called a [[neurofibroma]] caused by a genetic disorder. The tumor was so massive that the man could not eat or speak properly.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

In March 2008, the treatment of 30-year-old Pascal Coler of France, who has neurofibromatosis, ended after he received what his doctors call the world's first successful almost full face transplant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=4511813&page=1|title=World's First Full Face Transplant Hailed|last=Watt|first=Nick|date=25 March 2008|publisher=abcnews.go.com|access-date=25 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/23/wface123.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325061807/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/23/wface123.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2008|title=Man has first full-face transplant|last=Franklin|first=Katie|date=25 March 2008|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=25 March 2008|location=UK}}</ref> The operation, which lasted approximately 20 hours, was designed and performed by Laurent Lantieri and his team (Jean-Paul Meningaud, Antonios Paraskevas and Fabio Ingallina).

====China====
In April 2006, Guo Shuzhong at the Xijing military hospital in [[Xi'an]], transplanted the cheek, upper lip, and nose of Li Guoxing, who was mauled by an [[Asiatic black bear]] while protecting his sheep.<ref name="titleXinhua - English">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/15/content_4426709.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193108/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/15/content_4426709.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2007|title=China's first human face transplant successful|date=15 April 2006|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=25 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="'First face transplant' for China">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4910372.stm|title='First face transplant' for China|date=14 April 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=25 November 2007}}</ref> On 21 December 2008, it was reported that Li had died in July in his home village in [[Yunnan]]. Prior to his death, a documentary on the [[Discovery Channel]] showed he had stopped taking immuno-suppressant drugs in favour of herbal medication; a decision that was likely a contributing factor to his death, according to his surgeon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Kenneth |date=21 December 2008 |title=China's first face transplant recipient dead |url=http://shanghaiist.com/2008/12/21/chinas_first_face_recipient_transpl.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126022218/http://shanghaiist.com/2008/12/21/chinas_first_face_recipient_transpl.php |archive-date=26 January 2009 |website=Shanghaiist}}</ref>

====Turkey====
[[Selahattin Özmen]] performed a partial face transplant on 17 March 2012 on Hatice Nergis, a twenty-year-old woman at [[Gazi University]]'s hospital in [[Ankara]]. It was Turkey's third, the first woman-to-woman and the first three-dimensional with bone tissue. The patient from [[Kahramanmaraş]] had lost her upper jaw six years prior in a firearm accident, including her mouth, lips, palate, teeth and nasal cavity, and was since then unable to eat. She had undergone around 35 reconstructive plastic surgery operations. The donor was a 28-year-old Turkish woman of Moldavian origin in [[Istanbul]], who had died by suicide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Yasam/2012/03/23/gazi-yuz-naklini-damardan-bagladi|title=Gazi, yüz naklini 'damardan' bağladı|author=Cantürk, Safure|date=23 March 2012|newspaper=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]]|access-date=26 March 2012|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1260147&title=ucuncu-yuz-nakli-gazi-universitesi-tip-fakultesi-hastanesinde-basladi|title=Üçüncü yüz nakli Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi'nde başladı|date=17 March 2012|newspaper=[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]|access-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319141259/http://zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1260147&title=ucuncu-yuz-nakli-gazi-universitesi-tip-fakultesi-hastanesinde-basladi|archive-date=19 March 2012|url-status=dead|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25331432/|title=Üçüncü yüz nakli bir kadına|date=17 March 2012|newspaper=NTV MSNBC|access-date=26 March 2012|language=tr}}</ref> Nergis died in [[Ankara]] on 15 November 2016 after she was hospitalized two days prior complaining about acute pain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turkiyenin-yuz-nakli-yapilan-ilk-kadini-hatice-nergis-oldu-40278523|title=Türkiye'nin yüz nakli yapılan ilk kadını Hatice Nergis öldü|date=2016-11-15|newspaper=[[Hürriyet]]|access-date=2016-11-15|language=tr}}</ref>

====Belgium====
In December 2011, a 54-year-old man underwent a partial face transplant to the lower two-thirds of the face (including bone) after a ballistic accident. The operation was performed by a multidisciplinary team led by plastic surgeon Phillip Blondeel; Hubert Vermeersch, Nathalie Roche and Filip Stillaert were other members of the surgical team. For the first time 3D CT planning was used to plan the operation that lasted 20 hours. As of 2014 the patient is alive, with "good recovery of motor and sensory function and social reintegration".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roche |first1=Nathalie A. |last2=Vermeersch |first2=Hubert F. |last3=Stillaert |first3=Filip B. |last4=Peters |first4=Kevin T. |last5=De Cubber |first5=Jan |last6=Van Lierde |first6=Kristiane |last7=Rogiers |first7=Xavier |last8=Colenbie |first8=Luc |last9=Peeters |first9=Patrick C. |last10=Lemmens |first10=Gilbert M.D. |last11=Blondeel |first11=Phillip N. |date=March 2015 |orig-date=Epub 20 November 2014 |title=Complex facial reconstruction by vascularized composite allotransplantation: The first Belgian case |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2014.11.005 |journal=Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=362–371 |doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2014.11.005 |pmid=25488328 |issn=1748-6815|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Italy ====
In September 2018, a 49-year-old woman affected by Neurofibromatosis type I received a partial face transplant from a 21-year-old girl at Sant'Andrea Hospital of Sapienza University in Rome. The procedure took 27 hours and was carried out by two teams led by Fabio Santanelli di Pompeo and Benedetto Longo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archyworldys.com/|title=Home|website=Archyworldys}}</ref> The patient had a complication and after two days the surgeons had to replace the facial graft with autologous tissue. The patient is still alive and waiting for a second face transplantation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/salute/medicina/2018/11/26/trapianto-faccia-roma-pronti-nuovo-intervento_xoGcu0vOedPuUkzKo97zqO.html|title=TrapiantofacciaRome|date=15 December 2020}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
In May 2018, the first Canadian complete face transplant was performed under the leadership of [[plastic surgery|plastic surgeon]] [[Daniel Borsuk]] at the Hopital Maisonneuve Rosemont, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kirkey |first1=Sharon |title=Canada's First Face Transplant |url=https://nationalpost.com/feature/canadas-first-face-transplant |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=Postmedia© 2018 National Post |date=12 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lemieux |first1=Danny |title=The face of a stranger |url=https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/face-transplant-montreal-hospital |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company |date=12 September 2018}}</ref> The transplant took over 30 hours and replaced the upper and lower jaws, nose, lips and teeth on [[Maurice Desjardins]], a 64-year-old man that shot himself in a hunting accident. At that time, Mr. Desjardins was the oldest person to benefit from a face transplant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hachey |first1=Isabelle |title=L'homme au deux visages |url=http://www.lapresse.ca/sciences/medecine/201809/12/01-5196211-lhomme-aux-deux-visages.php |access-date=30 September 2018 |newspaper=La Presse |date=12 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Eli |title=His face was severely damaged on a hunt. Now he's the world's oldest face transplant recipient. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/09/14/his-face-was-severely-damaged-on-a-hunt-now-hes-the-worlds-oldest-face-transplant-recipient/ |access-date=30 September 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 September 2018}}</ref>