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Fact–value distinction
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==Nietzsche's table of values== [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844–1900) in ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]'' said that a table of values hangs above every great people. Nietzsche argues that what is common among different peoples is the act of ''esteeming'', of creating values, even if the values are different from one people to the next. Nietzsche asserts that what made people great was not the content of their beliefs, but the act of valuing. Thus the values a community strives to articulate are not as important as the collective will to act on those values.<ref>Nietzsche, Friedrich. ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra''. Book Two "On the Virtuous": "You who are virtuous still want to be paid! Do you want rewards for virtue, and heaven for earth, and the eternal for your today? And now you are angry with me because I teach that there is no reward and paymaster? And verily, I do not even teach that virtue is its own reward."</ref> The ''willing'' is more essential than the intrinsic worth of the goal itself, according to Nietzsche.<ref>Nietzsche, Friedrich. ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra''. Book Four "On Old and New Tablets": "To redeem what is past in man and to recreate all 'it was' until the will says, 'Thus I willed it! Thus I shall will it!' – this I called redemption and this alone I taught them to call redemption."</ref> "A thousand goals have there been so far," says Zarathustra, "for there are a thousand peoples. Only the yoke for the thousand necks is still lacking: the one goal is lacking. Humanity still has no goal." Hence, the title of the aphorism, "On The Thousand And One Goals." The idea that one value-system is no more worthy than the next, although it may not be directly ascribed to Nietzsche, has become a common premise in modern social science. [[Max Weber]] and [[Martin Heidegger]] absorbed it and made it their own. It shaped their philosophical endeavor, as well as their political understanding.
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