Editing Fausto Veranzio (section)

==Polymath and inventor==
Veranzio's masterwork, ''Machinae Novae'' (Venice 1615 or 1616),<ref>Some friends thanked him for this book in 1616; the date of 1595 refers to the publication of his ''Dictionarium''</ref> contained 49 large pictures depicting 56 different [[machine]]s, other [[tool|device]]s, and technical [[concept]]s.

Two variants of this work exist, one with the ''"Declaratio"'' in Latin and Italian, the other with the addition of three other languages. Only a few copies survived and they often do not present a complete text in all the five languages. This book was written in Italian, [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], and [[German language|German]].<ref name = "Malvasi Library">[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mostradellibroantico.it%2Fexpo21%2Fmain.php%3Fid%3D252%26idom%3D320 Original ''Machine Novae'', Fausto VERANZIO] - Malavasi Library, Milan - a complete and very detailed description of first and second editions of Veranzio's most famous work, "''Machine Nove''"</ref>  The tables represent a varied set of the projects, designs, and conceptions of the author. There Veranzio wrote about water and solar energy, offering depictions of clocks, including a "universal clock" (Plates 6–7), many types of mills, agricultural machinery, various types of bridges in various materials, machinery for clearing the sea, a dual sedan chair borne by a mule (Plate 47), special coaches, and ''Homo Volans'' (Plate 38), a forerunner of the parachute. His ideas included a float resembling a modern [[lifebuoy]] (Plate 39), boats with ingenious power mechanisms relying on water currents (Plates 40 and 41), and a rotary printer (Plate 46) intended to improve on the [[printing press]].

Despite the extraordinary rarity of this book (because the author published it at his own expense, without a publisher, and had to stop printing for want of funds),<ref name = "Malvasi Library" /> the ''Machinae Novae'' was the work which mainly contributed to Veranzio's popularity around the world. His design pictures were even reprinted a few years later and published in China.<ref>{{cite book |title=Missionary approaches and linguistics in mainland China and Taiwan |publisher=Leuven University Press |location=Leuven |isbn=9789058671615 |editor1-last=Ku |editor1-first=Wei-ying |date=2001 |page=184}}</ref>

===Veranzio's parachute===
[[File:Fausto Veranzio homo volans.jpg|thumb|160px|''"Machinae Novae"'' plate n. 38: Veranzio's parachute]]
One of the illustrations in ''Machinae Novae'' is a sketch of a [[parachute]] dubbed ''Homo Volans'' ("The Flying Man"). Having examined [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s rough [[Sketch (drawing)|sketch]]es of a parachute, Veranzio designed one of his own.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=quCh9tAW1jcC&q=veranzio&pg=PA176 "The Invention of the Parachute"], by [[Lynn White, Jr.]] in: ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Vol. 9, No. 3. (1968), pp. 462-467 (463)</ref><ref>Jonathan Bousfield, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UxSnm-mUp40C&dq=Faust+Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87&pg=PA280 ''The Rough Guide to Croatia''], pg. 280, Rough Guides (2003), {{ISBN|1-84353-084-8}}</ref> [[Paolo Guidotti]] had already attempted to carry out the idea, ending by falling on a house roof and breaking his thigh bone (about 1590); but while [[Francis Godwin]] was writing his flying romance ''The Man in the Moone'', Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have performed an actual parachute-jumping experiment<ref>{{cite book|author=Francis Trevelyan Miller|title=The World in the Air: The Story of Flying in Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdDNAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|pages=101–106}}</ref> and, therefore, to be the first man to build and test a parachute. According to legend, Veranzio, in 1617, at over sixty-five years of age, implemented his parachute design and tested it by jumping from [[St Mark's Campanile]] in Venice.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfred Day Rathbone|title=He's in the paratroops now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM2EAAAAIAAJ|year=1943|publisher=R.M. McBride & Company}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2016}} This event was documented some 30 years later in the book ''[[Mathematical Magick|Mathematical Magick or, the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry]]'' (London, 1648), written by [[John Wilkins]], the secretary of the [[Royal Society]] in London.

But in his book, where Wilkins wrote about flying and the possibility of human flight,<ref name="Magick">''Mathematical Magick'', second book, chapter VII</ref> methods of slowing down people's fall through the air were not his concern. His treatise does not even mention Veranzio by name, nor does it document any jump by parachute or any event at all in 1617.<ref name="Magick"/> No evidence has ever been found of any test of Veranzio's parachute.

===Mills and wind turbines===
[[File:Fausto Veranzio wind turbine.jpg|thumb|233x233px|A wind turbine design]]
His areas of interest in engineering and mechanics were broad. Mills were one of his main point of research, where he created 18 different designs. He envisioned [[windmill]]s with both vertical and horizontal [[Axis of rotation|axes]], with different wing constructions to improve their efficiency. The idea of a mill powered by tides incorporated accumulation pools filled with water by the high tide and emptied when the tide ebbed, simply using [[gravity]]; the concept has just recently been engineered and used. The first wind turbines were described by Fausto Veranzio. In his book Machinae Novae (1616) he described [[vertical axis wind turbine]]s with curved or V-shaped blades.

===Urbanist and engineer in Rome and Venice===
By order of the [[Pope]], he spent two years in [[Rome]] where he envisioned and made projects needed for regulating rivers, since Rome was often flooded by the [[Tiber]] river.<ref name = "1856 Rome and Venice" /> He also tackled the problem of the wells and water supply of Venice, which is surrounded by sea.<ref name = "1856 Rome and Venice">{{cite book|title=Biblioteca italiana, o sia giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA263|year=1829|page=263}}</ref> Devices to register the time using water, fire, or other methods were envisioned and materialized. His own sun clock was effective in reading the time, date, and month, but functioned only in the middle of the day.
 
The construction method of building metal bridges and the mechanics of the forces in the area of statics were also part of his research. He drew proposals which predated the actual construction of modern [[suspension bridge]]s and [[cable-stayed bridge]]s by over two centuries. The last area was described when further developed in a separate book by mathematician Simon de Bruges ([[Simon Stevin]]) in 1586. Veranzio also designed the concept to modern [[tied-arch bridge]]s, [[through arch bridge]]s, [[truss bridge]]s and [[Aerial lift|aerial lifts.]]

<gallery class="center">
File:Pons ferrevs by Faust Vrančić.jpg|Drawing of suspension [[cable-stayed bridge]] by Fausto Veranzio in his ''Machinae Novae''
File:Suspension bridge fausto veranzio.jpg|Drawing of a suspension bridge by Fausto Veranzio (''Machinae Novae'')
File:Through arch bridge and tied arch bridge.jpg|Early design of a tied-arch/through arch bridge by Fausto Veranzio
File:Faust vrancic arch bridge wood.jpg|Truss arch bridge by Fausto Veranzio
File:Early design of truss bridge.jpg|Primitive design of an early truss bridge by Fausto Veranzio
File:Aerial lift design by Fausto Veranzio.gif|Design for an aerial lift by Fausto Veranzio (''Machinae Novae'')
</gallery>

===Lexicography===
[[File:Fausto Veranzio Pentadictionarium.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Book frontispiece|Frontespiece]] of the ''Dictionarium quinque lingarum'']]
Veranzio was the author of a five-language [[dictionary]],<ref>{{cite book|author=John Considine|title=Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqBkQFiTbX4C&pg=PA91|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47105-3|pages=91–}}</ref> ''Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europæ linguarum, Latinæ, Italicæ, Germanicæ, Dalmatiæ, & Vngaricæ'',<ref>{{cite book|author=Fausto Veranzio|title=Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europæ linguarum, Latinæ, Italicæ, Germanicæ, Dalmatiæ, & Vulgaricæ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFlgAAAAMAAJ|year=1595|publisher=Apud Nicolaum Morettum.}}</ref> published in Venice in 1595, with 5,000 entries for each language: [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], the Dalmatian vernacular (in particular, the [[chakavian dialect]] of [[Croatian language|Croatian]]) and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. These he called the "five noblest European languages" ("''quinque nobilissimarum Europæ linguarum''").<ref name = "eptadictionary">When Petrus Lodereckerus published in 1606 his ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn0jPAAACAAJ&q=Petrus+Lodereckerus Dictionarivm septem diversarvm lingvarvm], videlicet Latine, Italice, Dalmatice, Bohemicè, Polonicè, Germanicè, & Vngaricè, vna cum cuiuslibet linguæ registro siue repertorio vernaculo, Singulari studio & industria collectum a Petro Lodereckeroin'' ([[Prague]]), he included two more languages than Veranzio's ''pentadictionary'': [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Polish language|Polish]], with the addition of indices in Latin for each language.</ref>

The ''Dictionarium'' is a very early and significant example of both Croatian and Hungarian lexicography, and contains, in addition to the parallel list of vocabulary, other documentation of these two languages. In particular, Veranzio listed in the ''Dictionarium'' 304 Hungarian words that he deemed to be [[loanword|borrowed]] from [[Croatian language|Croatian]]. Also, at the end of the book, Veranzio included Croatian language versions of the [[Ten Commandments]], the [[Lord's Prayer]], the [[Ave Maria]] and the [[Apostles' Creed]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Branko Franolić|title=Was Faust Vrančić the First Croatian Lexicographer?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSqyOQAACAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Istituto Universitario Orientale|pages=178–182}}</ref>

In an extension of the dictionary called ''Vocabula dalmatica quae Ungri sibi usurparunt'', there is a list of Proto-Croatian words that entered the [[Hungarian language]]. The book greatly influenced the formation of both the Croatian and Hungarian [[orthography]]; the Hungarian language accepted his suggestions, for example, the usage of ''ly'', '' ny'', ''sz'', and ''cz''. It was also the first dictionary of the Hungarian language, printed four times, in Venice, [[Prague]] (1606), [[Pozsony]] (1834),<ref>Today [[Bratislava]] in [[Slovakia]]</ref> and in [[Zagreb]] (1971). The work was an important source of inspiration for other European dictionaries such as a Hungarian and Italian dictionary written by [[Bernardino Baldi]], a German ''Thesaurus polyglottus'' by [[Humanism|humanist]] and [[lexicographer]] [[Hieronymus Megiser]], and multilingual ''Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum'' by [[Peterus Lodereckerus]] of Prague in 1605.<ref name ="eptadictionary"/>

===History and philosophy===
Only a few of Veranzio's works related to history remain: ''Regulae cancellariae regni Hungariae'' and ''De Slavinis seu Sarmatis in Dalmatia'' exist in manuscript form, while ''Scriptores rerum hungaricum'' was published in 1798. In ''Logica nova'' ("New logic") and ''Ethica christiana'' ("Christian ethics"), which were published in a single Venetian edition in 1616, Veranzio dealt with the problems of [[theology]] regarding the ideological clash between the  [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] movement and [[Catholicism]]. [[Tommaso Campanella]] (1568–1639) and  the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska|Archbishop of Split]] [[Marco Antonio de Dominis]] (1560–1624) were his intellectual counterparts.