Editing Finland (section)

===Swedish era===
{{Main|Finland under Swedish rule}}
[[File:Erik den helige och biskop Henrik.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eric IX of Sweden]] and [[Henry (bishop of Finland)|Bishop Henry]] en [[First Swedish Crusade|route to Finland]]. Late medieval depiction from [[Uppland]].]]
The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic Sea. The [[Livonian Crusade]] was ongoing and the [[Finnish tribes]] such as the [[Tavastians]] and [[Karelia (historical province of Finland)|Karelians]] were in [[Early Finnish wars|frequent conflicts]] with [[Republic of Novgorod|Novgorod]] and with each other. Also, during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea area were made against the Finnish tribes. [[Danes]] waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier,<ref name=":3">{{cite book| author = Kurt Villads Jensen| title = Ristiretket| publisher = Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys| year = 2019| pages = 126–127}}</ref> in 1191 and in 1202,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|first1=Georg|last1=Haggren|first2=Petri|last2=Halinen|first3=Mika|last3=Lavento|first4=Sami|last4=Raninen|first5=Anna|last5=Wessman|publisher=Gaudeamus |year=2015 |location=Helsinki |page=380}}</ref> and [[Swedes]], possibly the so-called [[Second Swedish Crusade|second Crusade to Finland]], in 1249 against Tavastians and the [[Third Swedish Crusade|third Crusade to Finland]] in 1293 against the Karelians. The so-called [[First Swedish Crusade|first Crusade to Finland]], possibly in 1155, most likely never occurred.<ref>{{Cite book |title=''Ruotsin itämaa'' |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |location=Helsinki |page=88}}</ref>

As a result of the Crusades, mostly with the Second Swedish Crusade led by [[Birger Jarl]], and the [[Swedish colonisation of Finland|colonization of some Finnish coastal areas]] with Christian [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedes]] during the Middle Ages,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Helsinki|pages=104–147}}</ref> Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Porvoo |pages=167–170}}</ref> Under Sweden, Finland was annexed as part of the cultural order of [[Western Europe]].<ref name="infoFinland.fi">{{cite web | url=https://www.infofinland.fi/en/information-about-finland/finnish-history | title=Finnish history | publisher=infoFinland.fi | access-date=13 April 2023 | archive-date=13 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413121612/https://www.infofinland.fi/en/information-about-finland/finnish-history | url-status=live }}</ref> The Swedes built fortresses in [[Häme]] and [[Turku]], while a Swedish royal council was instituted, an administrative structure and fiscal apparatus was created, and law codes were codified during the reigns of [[Magnus Ladulås]] (1275–1290) and [[Magnus Eriksson]] (1319–1364).{{sfn|Kirby|2006|p=9}} As a result, the Finnish lands were firmly integrated into the Swedish realm.{{sfn|Kirby|2006|p=9}}

[[File:Swedish Empire (1560-1815) en2.png|thumb|left|The [[Swedish Empire]] following the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] of 1658]]
[[Finland Swedish|Swedish]] was the dominant language of the nobility, administration, and education; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] was chiefly a language for the [[peasant]]ry, clergy, and local [[court]]s in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Ruth H. |title=The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North |date=2021 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=94–95 |isbn=978-0-226-75975-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4lEAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Nordic Languages |date=2002 |publisher=W. de Gruyter |page=1648 |isbn=978-3-11-017149-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC}}</ref> During the [[Protestant Reformation]], the [[Finns]] gradually converted to [[Lutheranism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Finland |date=2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=282 |isbn=978-1-5381-1154-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgo0EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> The end of the [[Kalmar Union]] ushered in an era of religious, social, and economic changes.{{sfn|Kirby|2006|p=28}} [[Gustav Vasa]] ({{reign|1523|1560}}) made his second son [[John III of Sweden|Johan]] the [[duke of Finland]], while [[Gustavus Adolphus|Gustav Adolf]] ({{reign|1611|1632}}) created the office of [[Governor-General of Finland|governor-general]] for Finland as part of his restructuring of the administration of the Swedish realm.{{sfn|Kirby|2006|pp=37–38}}

In the 16th century, a bishop and Lutheran Reformer [[Mikael Agricola]] published the first written works in Finnish;<ref>{{cite book|title=Books from Finland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qNKAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Publishers' Association of Finland|page=180}}</ref> and Finland's current capital city, [[Helsinki]], was founded by King [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] in 1555.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tabblo.com/studio/stories/view/409531/ |title=Ruttopuisto&nbsp;– Plague Park |publisher=Tabblo.com |access-date=3 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411112934/http://www.tabblo.com/studio/stories/view/409531/ |archive-date=11 April 2008 }}</ref> The first university in Finland, the [[Royal Academy of Turku]], was established by Queen [[Christina of Sweden]] at the proposal of Count [[Per Brahe the Younger|Per Brahe]] in 1640.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maailmanmuisti.fi/index.php?page=archives-of-the-royal-academy-of-turku-and-the-imperial-alexander-university|title=Archives of the Royal Academy of Turku and the Imperial Alexander University|work=Memory of the World Programme|publisher=[[UNESCO|UNESCO National Committee]]|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033832/https://www.maailmanmuisti.fi/index.php?page=archives-of-the-royal-academy-of-turku-and-the-imperial-alexander-university|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jussi Välimaa|title=A History of Finnish Higher Education from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century|chapter=The Founding of the Royal Academy of Turku in 1640|pages=77–78|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=978-3030208073}}</ref>

The Finns reaped a reputation in the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648) as a well-trained [[cavalrymen]] called "[[Hakkapeliitta]]".<ref>{{cite book|first=Matti J.|last=Kankaanpää|year=2016|title=Suomalainen ratsuväki Ruotsin ajalla|publisher=T:mi Toiset aijat|location=Porvoo|page=790|isbn=978-952-99106-9-4|language=fi}}</ref> Finland suffered a severe [[Great Famine of Finland (1695–1697)|famine in 1695–1697]], during which about one third of the Finnish population died,<ref name="empire"/> and a [[The plague during the Great Northern War|devastating plague a few years later]].

In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the [[Greater Wrath]] (1714–1721) and the [[Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)|Lesser Wrath]] (1742–1743).<ref name="tif">{{Cite web|url=https://finland.fi/life-society/tracing-finlands-eastern-border/|title=Tracing Finland's eastern border|date=22 March 2011|website=thisisFINLAND|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712110116/https://finland.fi/life-society/tracing-finlands-eastern-border/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="empire">"[http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm Finland and the Swedish Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226013534/http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm |date=26 December 2016 }}". ''Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]''.</ref> It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due mainly to the destruction of homes and farms, and the burning of Helsinki.<ref name="Nordstrom, Scandinavia">{{cite book|last=Nordstrom|first=Byron J.|title=Scandinavia Since 1500|year=2000|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis, US|isbn=978-0-8166-2098-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/142 142]|url=https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/142}}</ref>