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Flagellin
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=== In plants === In addition, a 22-amino acid sequence (flg22) of the conserved N-terminal part of flagellin is known to activate plant defence mechanisms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = García AV, Hirt H | title = ''Salmonella enterica'' induces and subverts the plant immune system | journal = Frontiers in Microbiology | volume = 5 | pages = 141 | date = 2014-01-01 | pmid = 24772109 | pmc = 3983520 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00141 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Flagellin perception in ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' functions via the receptor-like-kinase [[FLS2]] (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gómez-Gómez L, Boller T | title = FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 1003–11 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10911994 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Upon flg22 detection, FLS2 quickly binds to BAK1 (BRI1-associated kinase 1) to initiate signalling by reciprocal transphosphorylation of their kinase domains.<ref name="pmid17625569">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T, Jones JD, Felix G, Boller T | title = A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence | journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7152 | pages = 497–500 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17625569 | doi = 10.1038/nature05999 | bibcode = 2007Natur.448..497C | url = http://edoc.mpg.de/318857 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0012-3840-F | s2cid = 2818791 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Both flagellin and [[UV-C]] act similarly to increase [[homologous recombination]], as demonstrated by Molinier et al 2006. Beyond this [[somatic (biology)|somatic]] effect, they found this to [[epigenetic trait|extend to subsequent generations of the plant]].<ref name="Urban-et-al-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Urban | first1=L. | last2=Chabane Sari | first2=D. | last3=Orsal | first3=B. | last4=Lopes | first4=M. | last5=Miranda | first5=R. | last6=Aarrouf | first6=J. | title=UV-C light and pulsed light as alternatives to chemical and biological elicitors for stimulating plant natural defenses against fungal diseases | journal=[[Scientia Horticulturae]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=235 | year=2018 | issn=0304-4238 | doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.057 | pages=452–459 | s2cid=90436989}}</ref> [[Mitogen-activated-protein-kinases]] (MAPK) acts as downstream signalling compounds, leading ultimately to [[Pathogen-associated molecular pattern|PAMP]]-triggered immunity in which more than 900 genes are up-/down-regulated upon flg22 treatment.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Pre-stimulation with a synthetic flg22-peptide led to enhanced resistance against bacterial invaders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zipfel |first1=Cyril |last2=Robatzek |first2=Silke |last3=Navarro |first3=Lionel |last4=Oakeley |first4=Edward J. |last5=Jones |first5=Jonathan D. G. |last6=Felix |first6=Georg |last7=Boller |first7=Thomas |date=April 2004 |title=Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature02485 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=428 |issue=6984 |pages=764–767 |doi=10.1038/nature02485 |pmid=15085136 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..764Z |s2cid=4332562 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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