Editing Flinders Ranges (section)

====Aroona and the Brachina Gorge massacre (1852)====
{{anchor|brachinamassacre}}<!---anchor for redirect--->The name ''Aroona'' is derived from an [[Adnyamathanha language|Adnyamathanha]] word meaning "running water", or "place of frogs". Aroona Valley is a long open valley that lies around {{cvt|25| km}} north of Wilpena Pound, between the Heysen Range and ABC Ranges. The lease was taken up first by the Brownes, and then by Johnson Frederick Hayward in the 1850s. Hayward had arrived in 1847 from [[Somerset]], and was initially overseer of [[Pekina Station]]. Hayward Bluff, False Mount Hayward, South Mount Hayward, and Mount Hayward, in the Heysen Range, are all named after him.<ref name=aroona1>{{cite web | title=Aroona Valley | website=A biography of the Australian continent | url=https://austhrutime.com/aroona_valley.htm | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> The Aroona head station was built next to a waterhole used by local Adnyamathanha people for its permanent supply of fresh water, but the Aboriginal people were not welcome on the station during Hayward's time there.<ref name=saf/> He was implicated in a [[Indigenous Australian massacres|massacre of Aboriginal people]] near [[Brachina Gorge]]. At least 15 men, women, and children were killed in a dawn attack on 17 March 1852, in retaliation for the murder of [[stockman (Australia)| stockman]] Robert Richardson on 14 March.<ref name=carbone2023>{{cite web | last=Carbone | first=Isabella | title=Brachina Gorge massacre behind Lavene Ngatokorua's truth-telling art of Flinders Ranges' violent past | website=ABC News | date=11 November 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-11/lavene-ngatokorua-aroona-flinders-ranges-massacre-sa/103026546 | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Brachina Gorge Flinders Ranges | website=Centre For 21st Century Humanities |series=Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930| publisher= [[University of Newcastle (Australia)]]| url=https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=695 | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Hayward said that he was obliged to defend his men, due to the absence of police, and that he was attempting to "capture the murderers", firing at them in "self-defence". Sergeant Major Rose, who was in the district at the time with the [[Protector of Aborigines]], [[Matthew Moorhouse]], arrested two Aboriginal men called Bill and Jemmy, but they were released after being held for some time owing to lack of evidence and problems finding an interpreter.<ref name=saf>{{cite web | title=Aroona case study | website=The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies |publisher= [[University of Adelaide]] | url=https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4755c59ae93447a9b0acf9b2b0b265f6/page/Aroona-Case-Study/#data_s=id%3AdataSource_1-18dc3aabbf7-layer-13%3A58 | access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> In the early 1860s Hayward returned to England, and purchased an estate near [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], which he called Aroona.<ref name=aroona1/>